Entrepreneurship & Innovation Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business enterprise and Innovation - Dissertation Example Starting at 2010, the greater part a billion people have left on new enterprising endeavors. One of these uncommon business visionaries is Arthur Lok Jack. Arthur Lok Jack is a business person who has the accompanying qualities: daring individual; imaginative; has prescience and vision; creative; tenacious; aspiring, astute and proficient; persevering; reasonable; versatile; business adroit; and works on systems administration. Hazard facing Challenge taking among business visionaries includes taking determined activities intended to control and limit the dangers in question, simultaneously guaranteeing that objectives are accomplished. This conduct separates business visionaries from players who rely upon possibility and from people who want to â€Å"play it safe† (Joseph 2003). Hazard taking conduct is seen as gainful, as uncovered in the positive relationship among hazard and yield wherein a more significant level of hazard improves the probability of getting amazing outcom es (Analoui and Karami 2003). Penrose (1959) stated that enterprise includes deciding open doors inside the monetary framework, including those which involve a high measure of hazard. Rauch and Frese (2007) credited hazard taking conduct on the entrepreneur’s affinity to settle on choices on circumstances which show low probability of progress. This conduct makes business people stand apart contrasted with chance loath people. In any case, chance taking may have various translations. For instance, normal purchasers may view such conduct as foolish. Then again, entrepreneurs consider chance taking as a transition to limit chance when settling on business choices. Ingenuity Entrepreneurs continually endeavor to discover approaches to create and present new and extraordinary items and administrations. Development may come in five structures: (1) presentation of another item or improvement in the nature of existing ones; (2) new techniques for creation; (3) opening of new market; (4) new wellspring of gracefully or crude materials or half-made products; and (5) new modern association (Joseph 2003). Schumpeter (1935) imagined a business person as a monetary specialist equipped for making novel blends of creation factors in light of venture openings. A business visionary is seen as a fundamental component of the entrepreneur economy who encapsulates the standards of industrialist change, just as modern and mechanical change. There is mounting proof that enterprising inventiveness is essentially associated to progress. This applies to development on an individual and hierarchical level. Hierarchical degree of development reflects how imaginative a business person is. The connection among development and achievement can be overwhelmingly seen on new innovation associations contrasted with customary enterprises (Rauch and Frese 2007). Rutherford and Holt’s (2007) examination on the connection among individual and corporate-level ingenuity brought up two s ignificant realities. In the first place, inventiveness depends on an individual readiness to create and present upgrades and developments in work process. Second, singular spotlight on ingenuity is proposed since innovative exercises are made and actualized by people. Prescience and vision Entrepreneurs are visionaries, ready to predict where the organization ought to be later on. Gillespie-Brown (2008) portrays how a business visionary imagines the: (1) eventual fate of existing items and administrations; (2) reevaluation of the business; and (3) age of chances in present markets. Bellini (2005) characterized prescience

Hiroshima- John Hersey Essay Essay

‘Hiroshima isn't simply a narrative, Hersey figures out how to infuse into the account both sympathy and familiarity with a definitive triumph of humankind. ’ Discuss Hiroshima from this point of view. Hiroshima is a noteworthy delineation of a fiasco that stunned the world. Using the encounters of six Japanese nuclear bomb survivors Hersey communicates sympathy and attention to the city’s triumph over the fiasco. The story makes empathy by indicating diligence of ordinary citizens and their excursions to defeat the disaster. By utilizing the enthusiasm of the withering casualties Hersey makes sympathy and diagrams the nation’s inexhaustible pride, He portrays Hiroshima’s triumph as a network joining to help each other in a period of affliction. The story centers around six bomb survivors and their records during and after the bomb. Utilizing the records of the survivors’ Hersey can extricate sympathy to the peruser. Mrs Hatsuyo Nakamura was a bereaved mother of three who endured incredible neediness after the bomb; she was left torn and delicate. Experiencing radiation ailment and no methods for money, Mrs Nakamura never loses trust. While trying to defeat her deterrents she maintained incalculable sources of income yet scarcely earned enough to get the job done. Despite how hard the assignment was genuinely and sincerely Mrs N was eager to do and forfeit anything to benefit her youngsters She earned scarcely enough for food†¦ Her paunch started to grow, and she had loose bowels thus much agony she could no longer work at all†¦ The specialist rewarded Nakamura-san†¦to pay the specialist she had to sell her last important belonging, her husband’s sewing machine. (p119, 120). What's more, after all the difficulty she was at long last ready to reconstruct her life gradually: She felt comfortable in her body now; she rested when she required, and she had no stresses over the expense of clinical care†¦It was the ideal opportunity for her to appreciate life. (p128). Utilizing her encounters Hersey can develop a passionate bond between the peruser and Mrs Nakumura by retelling the hard and hopeless excursion she took just to remain alive and her triumph over her disorder and neediness. Mrs Nakumara was only one of the six stories Hersey used to pass on empathy to the perusers of Hiroshima. Hersey’s introduction of enthusiasm among kicking the bucket bomb casualties makes a thoughtful attach to the peruser for their triumph over the obliteration. After the assault on Hiroshima the survivors would not kick the bucket futile regardless of what disaster had hit their city. Indeed, even notwithstanding passing, the survivors were celebrating their legacy, committing their final gasps of life to their homeland and were resolved keep their assurance significantly after the demolition. One of the young ladies started to sing Kimi Ga Yo, the national song of praise, and others followed in chorale and passed on. (p 116). As a peruser it was difficult to fathom the hugeness of respect these individuals felt for their nation. After the bomb, they were experiencing neediness and disaster, yet by hearing the emperors’ voice on communicate they were contacted and satisfied: †¦ the Emperor, they cried with full tears in their eyes. ‘What a superb gift it is that Tenno himself approach us and we can hear his own voice face to face. We are completely fulfilled in such an incredible penance †¦Japan began her new way. † (p 85) Hersey utilizes the energy of the survivors for instance of a triumph of mankind. The survivors were too pleased to even think about letting the foe take their last smidgen of expectation their national poise, picking to bite the dust with respect and pride. Notwithstanding empathy, Hiroshima likewise brought issues to light of the city’s triumph of mankind. Another feeling of network and unification was available at the hour of emergency; the nuclear bomb left Hiroshima crushed. Hersey painted a dim and tragic picture, yet therefore, differentiated and depicted the high purposes of humankind. Father Kleinsorge, a minister of the Society of Jesus, felt that he was an outcast preceding the bomb, yet after the bomb he was loaded up with appreciation for the urban areas freshly discovered acknowledgment: †¦ she came to him and said†¦ † These are tea leaves. Bite them, youngster, and you won’t feel parched. † The woman’s tenderness made Father Kleinsorge abruptly need to cry. For quite a long time, he had been feeling abused by the scorn of foreigners†¦ (p 70). The enemies’ expectation to destroy the city genuinely and truly reverse discharges as it left the city more grounded and joined together. One inclination they seemed to share†¦ was an inquisitive sort of thrilled network spirit†¦ pride in the manner they and their individual survivors had faced a horrible ordeal(p114). Hiroshima brought issues to light of the Japanese people’s indestructible soul in any event, when their city lay in ruins they would not be crushed and remained solid. John Hersey’s Hiroshima gives a straightforward knowledge into one of the most crushing catastrophe which makes sympathy and attention to Japans’ extreme triumph of mankind. Hersey had the option to utilize the diligence of regular individuals engaging the impacts of the nuclear bomb to make sympathy. What's more, he had the option to communicate the significance of national-pride felt by casualties who showed enthusiasm, who were set up to bite the dust for their respect. Hersey brought issues to light of how Japanese regular citizens had the option to join together and conquer the bombs repercussions. Hiroshima isn't just a tedious documentation of the nuclear bombs consequences for a city, yet a portrayal of sympathy and empathy that tells individuals of Japans triumph over misfortune.

Ethics and Performance Measures Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Morals and Performance Measures - Research Paper Example It is basic to gauge the degree to which morals are applied, so the organization gets ingenious to representatives and the network on the loose. Thusly, it win the trust of customers, just as increasing more benefits for the association. At the point when an organization figures out how to have a more prominent net revenue, it has a superior chance to grow and offer more open doors for workers. The indecencies that are underestimated in the organization are the ones that downside the endeavors in the association (Shell, 2009). Unscrupulous Behavior As A Result of Wrong Performance Measures There are numerous things which lead to the exploitative practices in an association. There is a requirement for consistent checking of the way wherein workers behave in light of the fact that, in the event that they are left all alone, they wind up committing errors because of companion impact or ravenousness. In Sparkling Automotive Company, the presidents need to guarantee that there is the esti mation of morals and practices of the representatives since inability to keep an eye on the practices can demolish a business that has been operational since 1930. The way that there are no untrustworthy practices displayed by the representatives doesn't imply that the workers are dependable (Arveson, 2002). The vast majority of the representatives harbor awful aims or they get affected by degenerate merchants or providers who get to product from the organization in discount. They may offers pay-offs to the individual representatives for some under developments which will cause the organization a ton of cash. This winds up causing the organization to experience misfortune on the grounds that the laborers will out any cash to be paid. Contenders utilize the guileless representatives to do dangerous missions, for example, pilfering the methodology utilized in assembling of the attachments; they bring about creation of fake items which influence the outcomes in the business sectors. Nu merous laborers who don't stay discreet of the organization line of creation cause a mark to the organization since they make pointless break to the creation specialty. At the point when fake items are in surplus in the market, it sets aside the market a hard effort to acknowledge, thus, it influences the turnover of the organization (Arveson, 2002). Degenerate methods for cost cutting in the organization where the leaders of the association get pay off to give tenders influence the picture of the organization. This should be checked in light of the fact that disregarding such issues just exacerbates the circumstance in the association of Sparkling Automotive Company (SAC) (Shell, 2009). At the point when execution measures are attached to pay, it makes a workforce that is driven by the need to make more assets for the organization. This spreads the support of untrustworthy practices due to bargained genuineness. In Sparkling Automotive Company, execution estimates fall into four cl asses, which are client viewpoint, money related point of view, inside procedure viewpoint, and learning and development viewpoint. Every one of these classifications should be followed up on for the organization to thrive in its assembling and deals of plugs in Sparkling Automotive Company. At the point when all degrees of workers in the organization are not engaged with the organization exercises relating creation and selling of the attachments, there would be a ton of cheats that can stifle the running of the association. Conveying the fittings can counter a ton of hiccups which moderate the

Survival Skills Free Essays

Crisis Planning Immediately after a crisis, basic administrations might be cut-off and neighborhood catastrophe help and government responders will be unable to contact you immediately. Regardless of whether they could contact you, comprehending what to do to ensure yourself and your family unit is fundamental. Making a catastrophe plan One of the most significant advances you can take in getting ready for crises is to build up a family unit debacle plan. We will compose a custom paper test on Basic instincts or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now 1. Find out about the catastrophic events that could happen in your locale from your nearby crisis the executives office. Realize whether perilous materials are delivered, put away or shipped close to your territory. Find out about potential results of purposeful demonstrations of dread. Approach how to plan for every potential crisis and how to react. 2. Talk with businesses and school authorities about their crisis reaction plans. 3. Talk with your family about potential crises and how to react to each. Discussion about what you would need to do in a clearing. 4. Post crisis phone numbers by phones. Show kids how and when to call 100. Crisis making arrangements for individuals with unique needs If you have a handicap or exceptional need, you may need to find a way to secure yourself and your family unit in a crisis. In the event that you are aware of companions or neighbors with uncommon necessities, help them with these additional safety measures. Models include:Hearing disabled, Mobility impeded, Non-English talking individuals. 1. Make a system of neighbors, family members, companions and collaborators to help you in a crisis. Examine your requirements and ensure they realize how to work fundamental hardware. 2. On the off chance that you live in a high rise, request that the administration mark open exits obviously and to cause game plans to assist you with evacuating the structure. 3. The individuals who are not incapacitated ought to realize who in their neighborhood or building is debilitated so they may help them during crises. Catastrophe Supply Kits You may need to get by all alone for three days or more. This implies having your own water, food and crisis supplies. Have a go at utilizing rucksacks or duffel sacks to keep the provisions together. A calamity flexibly pack with fundamental ood, water, and supplies for at any rate three days-this unit ought to be kept in an assigned place and be prepared to â€Å"grab and go† on the off chance that you need to leave your home rapidly on account of a debacle. You ought to likewise have a catastrophe gracefully unit at work. This ought to be in one holder, prepared to â€Å"grab and go† on the off chance that you need to empt y the structure. Water: the total need Stocking water stores ought to be a top need. Savoring water crisis circumstances ought not be apportioned. Store water in completely washed plastic, fiberglass or finish lined metal compartments. Food: setting up a crisis flexibly. Food things that you should think about remembering for your calamity gracefully pack include: prepared to-eat meats, organic products, and vegetables; canned or boxed squeezes, milk, and soup; high-vitality nourishments like nutty spread, jam, low-sodium saltines, granola bars, and trail blend; nutrients; nourishments for babies or people on extraordinary eating regimens; treats, hard sweets; moment espresso, grains, and powdered milk. You may need to get by all alone after a fiasco. Neighborhood authorities and alleviation laborers will be on the scene after a fiasco, yet they can't arrive at everybody right away. You could find support in hours, or it might take days. Fundamental administrations, for example, power, gas, water, sewage treatment and phones, might be cut off for a considerable length of time, even a week or more. Or on the other hand you may need to empty at a moment’s notice and take fundamentals with you. You presumably won’t have the chance to shop or quest for the provisions you’ll need. Your family unit will adapt best by planning for catastrophe before it strikes. Emergency treatment supplies Assemble a medical aid pack for your home and for every vehicle: It might be hard to get physician endorsed meds during a debacle since stores might be shut or supplies might be restricted. Get some information about putting away physician endorsed meds. Be certain they are put away to meet guidelines on the mark and be aware of lapses dates - make certain to stay up with the latest. Garments and bedding One complete difference in garments and footwear for every family unit part. Shoes ought to be durable work shoes or boots. It is significant for you to be prepared, any place you might be when calamity strikes. With the agendas above you would now be able to assemble a proper fiasco gracefully units for your family unit: A calamity flexibly pack kept in the home with provisions for at any rate three days; Although it is impossible that food supplies would be cut off for up to about fourteen days, consider putting away extra water, food, apparel and bedding different supplies to extend your gracefully unit to last as long as about fourteen days. A work place catastrophe gracefully pack. It is critical to store an individual flexibly of water and food at work; you won't have the option to depend on drinking fountains or coolers. Ladies who wear high-heels ought to make certain to have agreeable level shoes at their working environment in the event that a clearing require strolling significant distances. A vehicle fiasco gracefully pack. Keep a littler debacle gracefully unit in the storage compartment of you vehicle. In the event that you become abandoned or can't get back, having these things will assist you with being increasingly agreeable until help shows up. Include things for cut off winter climate during months when hurl day off frigid streets are conceivable salt, sand, scoops, and additional winter attire, including caps and gloves. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Navigation â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Survival circumstances are now and then settled by finding one’s approach to wellbeing, or one may need to move to locate a progressively appropriate area to sit tight for salvage. The sources see that to do both of these securely requires some route hardware and abilities. Kinds of route include: â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Celestial route, utilizing the sun and the night sky to find the cardinal headings and to keep up course of movement â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Using aâ map and compassâ together, especially aâ topographic mapâ orâ trail map. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- â€Å"Navigation by observation† of landscape includes on a guide or in any case known â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Using a GPS receiver, on the off chance that one is accessible. The most effective method to refer to Survival Skills, Papers

Afghanistan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Afghanistan - Research Paper Example Another interesting part of Afghanistan is its one of a kind however outrageous atmosphere; the winters are freezing, while the summers are singing, attributable to the way that Afghanistan is landlocked, with no water bodies to help moderate its atmosphere. The capital of Afghanistan is Kabul, by a wide margin the biggest city in this nation, which is arranged along the banks of the Kabul River. It is a tremendous differentiation to the remainder of Afghanistan, which is generally provincial. This city is properly named as Afghanistan’s capital city, as it is home to the principle business of dried products of the soil, which are exponentially traded. It is likewise home to significant businesses identified with horticulture. Another noteworthiness of this city is that it is Afghanistan’s social learning community; it contains the well known National Museum of Afghanistan, which is home to Afghanistan’s whole history, conventions and convictions. This city is likewise a basic piece of Afghanistan, as it contains different colleges, banks, lodgings and strip malls, making it one of the most evolved urban areas of Afghanistan (Banting 2003; CIA 1991). Afghanistan has had a past filled with strife for more than several years and has been controlled and battled about by numerous domains, including the Persians, Arabs, Mongols, British and Russians. The latest were the fanatic Islamic warriors called the Taliban, who made Afghanistan subject to exacting standards and who were toppled in the mid twenty first century by the United States. Thus, Afghanistan has been affected by a blend of societies, making its populace comprise of numerous differing ethnic gatherings, the biggest being the Pashtuns, Tajiks, and Hazaras. Albeit every one of these gatherings has their own arrangement of customs, they make them thing in like manner; greater part of them watch the religion of Islam (Banting 2003). Thus, the customary attire of the two Afghani people is commonly slack

Part Way Home in Admissions - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Part Way Home in Admissions - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Part Way Home in Admissions Earlier this fall, I used the image of a long cross country trip when looking at the Admissions process, and how we would not know the exact arrival time until we were almost to the destination. Now picture the Admissions process as a road trip with three legs to the journey. The first leg is Early Action, and we are now at the end of that part of the trip. The second leg is a little shorter, and finishes up in late February when we review all Regular Decision and Deferred EA applicants to see if they now meet Early Action admission standards (some EA defers will have a jump in their SAT/ACT scores that could shift them to admit). The last leg is the hardest, as it is the file reading part of the trip, and it does not finish up until late March when final decisions are released. So please know that UGA will not be done with the entire freshman admission decisions after we make our Early Action decisions. We will be done with the Early Action leg of the trip, but we are still a long way from being done with final decisions! We will still be receiving a large number of RD applications, deferred EA students will be completing their part II sections, we will be reviewing transcripts, reading essays, doing holistic reviews, etc. So if you are deferred, please know that we still have a lot of admission decisions to make! My rough estimate based on prior years is that will still be admitting between 3,000-4,000 more freshmen after EA decisions. As well, please know that UGA will be treating deferred EA and RD applicants the same during the next steps of the process. The rumor always hits that deferred applicants will now be put at the back of the line behind RD applicants, so let me just cut that off now and let you know that is incorrect. Again, in the next stages of the admission process, we will look at deferred EA (who get in part II and a teacher rec!) and RD applicants in the same way. In addition, I heavily suggest that any deferred applicants that start comparing themselves to people who were admitted and questioning the decisions remember that UGA has a full view of everything in an applicants file, from the various SAT/ACT subscores, and problem areas such as a D/F grade, an applicants overall curriculum, and more detailed information about their overall information, while others only have a partial and sometimes inaccurate view of things. This is just my suggestion, and you do not have to follow it, but it comes from 20 years of talking with families about decisions. Go Dawgs!

The Struggle of Finding a Home in African-American Literature - Literature Essay Samples

The â€Å"American Dream† connotes a vision of a house with a white picket fence, a place of warmth and family, a secure place to lay ones head at night, a place to just be. Much of African-American literature since the 1900s demonstrates that the quest of a â€Å"home† for most African-Americans, complicated by racism, segregation, and oppression, becomes a frustrating and nearly impossible dream. In Zora Neale Hurstons short story â€Å"Sweat,† Delia permits her husband Sykes unemployment and infidelity; she even allows him to bring a snake onto the premises regardless of her fear of the creature, but Delia balks at the thought of giving up her home. The title of the story describes the work ethic of Delia which is further demonstrated in her discussion with the errant and selfish Sykes, â€Å"Sweat, sweat, sweat! Work and sweat, cry and sweat, pray and sweat!† (Hurston 1023). When Sykes refers to the house as â€Å"his† in saying that he did not want white peoples clothes in his house, Delia quickly and hotly reminds him that it is her â€Å"sweat [that has] paid for this house† (Hurston 1023). Even as Delia comes to realize that it is too late to worry over her relationship with Sykes she realizes that she can never give up â€Å"her little home. She had it built for her old days, [she had] plantedthe trees and flowers there. It was lovely to her, lovely† (Hurston 1024).Richard Wrights â€Å"Long Black Song† also describes the struggle to have a home in the rural South. â€Å"Long Black Song† is set shortly after World War II and tells the story of Sarah and Silas, so poor they â€Å"ain got not money t be fixin no clocks† (Wright 1422). Although Silas does not fill the space in her heart left by Tom, Sarah is grateful to Silas for â€Å"[giving] her her own home more than many others had done for their women† (1431). Silas has slaved for â€Å"ten yearst git [his] farm freeà ¢â‚¬  (1433) and is proud to finally be doing well enough to hire another hand to work his farm. But both Sarah and Silas dream of a home and farm owned free and clear turns nightmare as a result of an interaction with a white man. Whether Sarah is raped, has sex willingly, or merely acquiesces, the fact infuriates Silas who has fought too long to be his own man. In his article Charles W. Chestnutts The Web Of Circumstance and Richard Wrights Long Black Song: The Tragedy of Property suggests that â€Å"a Black Mans attempt to participate fully in the white economic system might very well lead to tragedy† (Delmar). Silas encounter with the white men results in the death of one of them. Knowing the white men will be back for vengeance, his choice comes down to running away and giving up his home or to stay and surely give up his life. Despising the whites, he sends Sarah and the baby elsewhere and chooses to stay and die with his self-respect and on his own grounds. In his a rticle, Pro Con: The Great Sharecropper Success Story, Nicholas Lemann discusses the failure and success of â€Å"the overall transition of black America from being three-quarters rural to three-quarters urban in the half-century from 1910 to 1960† (Lemann). Lemann finds that the migrations did not always result in better personal circumstances for African-Americans. Langston Hughes two poems â€Å"Madam and the Rent Man† and â€Å"Ballad of the Landlord† both show the beginnings of ghettoization and indifferent slum lords. The speakers in both poems cite numerous, even hazardous and unsanitary conditions in their rented residences only to find that the landlords and rent agents are only concerned with the collection of money not with providing reasonable repairs. In â€Å"Madam and the Rent Man† an agent of the landlord comes by to collect the rent. While insisting that he must have the rent, Madam explains that â€Å"The sink is broke, / The water d ont run Back windows cracked, / Kitchen floor squeaks, / [and] Theres rats in the cellar, /And the attic leaks† (Madam 11-18). She points out that she had raised these concerns previously and yet neither â€Å"rent man† nor land lord â€Å"done a thing [they] promised tove done† (Madam 13-14). While Madam ultimately refuses to pay, the poem ends with the frustration of both her and the rentman, an ironic note of agreement. â€Å"Ballad of the Landlord† takes a similar idea a step further. As the speaker refuses to pay a landlord for similar faulty conditions, the landlord threatens the speaker with eviction. The speaker reacts by threatening the landlord with bodily harm. Frustratingly, police involvement does not result in the landlords enforced repairs, but instead results in headlines that read â€Å"TENANT HELD NO BAIL / JUDGE GIVES NEGRO 90 DAYS IN COUNTY JAIL† (Ballad 32-33).Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun is about a working-class and poor family. The drama, set â€Å"sometime between World War II and the present† (Hansberry 1772), takes place in a Southside Chicago ghetto. Michelle Gordon, in her article entitled Somewhat Like War: The Aesthetics of Segregation, Black Liberation, and A Raisin in the Sun, says that â€Å"Hansberry directly engages crises produced by ghetto economies and dehumanizing living conditions† (Gordon 123). The five member Younger family is nearly living on top of each other in a two bedroom apartment where the varying personalities begin to wear on each other. The tiny apartment was never supposed to be a permanent situation. Mama explains how she and Big Walter, upon their marriage, hadnt â€Å"planned on living here no more than a year [They were] going to set away [money], little by little, and buy a little place. [They] even picked out the house† (1.1). As children came along and finances tightened the dream had faded. With the next generation Ruth has the same thoughts and bemoans how the dream of â€Å"the way [she and Walter] were going to live [is] starting to slip away† (2.1). Mama decides to buy a house so that they can have enough space for the new baby that Ruth carries, but not without reservations. While Mama buys a house they can afford, it is in a white neighborhood, and despite the attempts of the white neighborhood to buy them off, they make the move anyway. Hansberry almost ends on a happy note as the family reverts to their everyday squabbling, but their future seems perilous. More than likely they will encounter extreme and possibly violent reaction to their presence in a white neighborhood. In 1943 A.H. Maslow wrote his paper entitled â€Å"A Theory of Human Motivation† in which he posits that human beings most basic needs begins with physiological needs such as food, water, and sleep. Once these basic needs are met, human beings tend to look for safety. Shelter or a secure home is part of this need for saf ety. The quest for a secure home then becomes a need that must be essentially satisfied before human beings can consider the need for love and belonging, or the next step, esteem, and the final step, self-actualization. â€Å"Human needs arrange themselves in hierarchies of prepotency. That is to say, the appearance of one need usually rests on the prior satisfaction of another, more prepotent need. Also no need or drive can be treated as if it were isolated or discrete; every drive is related to the state of satisfaction or dissatisfaction of other drives† (Maslow 370). Further, he discusses how the chronic â€Å"deprivation† (Maslow 375) of any particular need not only becomes the sole focus of a human being, but causes major psychological trauma. If it can be conceded that the African-American literature examined in this article is a fair representation of society, then it becomes evident that racism, oppression, and segregation has impeded many African-Americans fr om finding a safe and secure environment in which to live. Denying the basic need of safe and secure shelter, the stepping-stone to other needs, then prevents an entire culture from achieving its full potential, certainly a major fault in American society. Works CitedDelmar, P. Jay. Charles W. Chestnutts The Web of Circumstance and Richard Wrights Long Black Song: The Tragedy of Property. Studies in Short Fiction 17.2 (1980): 178-181. Academic Search Complete. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.Gordon, Michelle. Somewhat Like War: The Aesthetics of Segregation, Black Liberation, and A Raisin in the Sun. African American Review 42.1 (n.d.): 121-133. Arts Humanities Citation Index. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. 2nded. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Nellie Y. McKay. New York: Norton, 2004.1771-1830. Print. Hughes, Langston. â€Å"Madam and the Rentman.† The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. 2nded. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Nellie Y. McKay. New York: Norton, 2004. 1304. Print. Hughes, Langston. â€Å"Ballad of the Landlord.† The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. 2nded. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Nellie Y. McKay. New York: Norton, 2004. 1302-1303. Print. Hurston, Nora Zeale. â€Å"Sweat.† The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. 2nded. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Nellie Y. McKay. New York: Norton, 2004. 1022-30. Print. Wright, Richard. â€Å"Long Black Song.† The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. 2nded. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Nellie Y. McKay. New York: Norton, 2004.1419-36. Print. Lemann, Nicholas. Pro Con: The Great Sharecropper Success Story. Public Interest 105 (1991): 107-22. ERIC. Web. 28 Feb. 2013.Maslow, A. H. A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review 50.4 (1943): 370-396. PsycARTICLES. Web. 2 Mar. 2013.

Racial Discrimination Essay - 1170 Words

Nothing in human history has ever been completely fair and equal as far as how you are treated based on your race, financial status, or even genders. The most controversial of these is race prejudices. However, as a whole, the human race has overcome a lot of the discrimination. The road to equality is not easy, but it does have to be taken. While studying racial discrimination, it is important to know the history of it, how and why it still goes on today, while still remembering the two very important Supreme Court cases; Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education. After you have educated yourself on these subjects, you can opinionate it and hopefully see how meaningless and awful this racial dispute really is. Racial inequality†¦show more content†¦In fact, the Jim Crow laws enforced strict segregation, separating the races from the Reconstruction to the Civil Rights movement in the 1950s. In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, published in 1960, there was a court case involving a black man who was accused of raping a white girl. The accusations made were merely circumstantial, considering Tom Robinson, the African American defendant, passed Mayella Ewell’s, the alleged victim, house on his daily commute to work. What actually happened, and what Tom’s attorney tried to prove, was that Mayella’s own father had attacked her. Although both parties made very believable cases, Tom Robinson’s side had too many facts to ignore. However, Mayella and her father were white, and that ultimately made up the jury’s mind. We know that this was a fictional case in a fictional novel, but Lee put that in her book to highlight how ridiculously unfair racial discrimination is, and how too real that case really was for that time. In 1964, the Civil Rights movement was passed; giving blacks and whites equal rights and access to the same things. While this did overcome the atrocity that was the Jim Crow Laws, not everyone chose to follow along and forget racial indifferences. Of course, there will always be people unable to disregard the color of human skin and discriminate against those who do not possess the same tone as them. For example, up until just last year, Cleveland, MississippiShow MoreRelatedEssay on Racial Discrimination2256 Words   |  10 PagesAmerica has had discrimination against minorities for a long time and it will continue to have it until people treat minorities with respect. Discrimination is when people treat minorities bad because of their skin color, ethnicity and the place they were born. For immigrants, the problems they had to arrive to America were not a good experience only by the struggle to gain acceptance among the population. Most immigrants came to the U.S. to have a better life and give education to their childrenRead MoreRacial Discrimination Essay2245 Words   |  9 Pages The purpose of this paper is to examine the causes, consequences and remedies of raci al discrimination in the labor market. Understanding racial discrimination in the labor market is of critical importance because of the sever wage differentials between different races in the market. Most of the economic research on racial discrimination focuses on black and white males. Hence this paper will also be focusing on wage and employment differentials between black and white males. I will start by discussingRead MoreRacial Discrimination Essay465 Words   |  2 PagesRacial Discrimination When we look at physical characteristics such as skin color from the social definition perspective, there is no clear meaning, but these characteristics do have what is referred to as social meaning. Pierre van den Berghe defined a racial group as a human group that defines itself and/or is defined by other groups as different from other groups by virtue of innate and immutable physical characteristics (8). Racial group distinctions are based upon ideological racism,Read MoreRacial Discrimination in To Kill a Mockingbird Essays636 Words   |  3 Pagesmockingbird is an extremely powerful book highlighting the horrors of racial discrimination in the â€Å"Deep South† of the United States of America. Discuss. To kill a mockingbird is an extremely powerful book highlighting the horrors of racial discrimination in the â€Å"Deep South† of the United States of America. It focuses on the racial issues concerning a staunch, typically â€Å"white† country town in the â€Å"Deep South.† This essay however deals with the various trials and tribulations endured by aRead More Racial Discrimination in the Workplace Essay1554 Words   |  7 PagesRacial Discrimination in the Workplace Abstract- Racial discrimination happens all the time and most of us are unaware of it. The most common place for this to happen is in the workplace. Now people can be discriminated against because of their race, religion, or any other numerous things. Also, discrimination can occur during the job interview or even after you got the job. This paper will shoe the effects of racial discrimination and how it can be prevented. In addition there are someRead MoreSexual Racial Discrimination Essay840 Words   |  4 PagesGoldstein Katharine Hepburn, Harvey Milk, Fred Korematsu, and Kenneth Clark were all leaders representing minorities in America. These deviants to society made efforts to bring about positive cultural changes in times of strong sexual or racial discrimination. Great improvements have been made as a result of the contributions these citizens made to our country. In 1930’s America, the public view on gays and lesbians were not as liberal as they are today. It wasn’t until influential figures likeRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racial Discrimination801 Words   |  4 Pagesto sit next and hang out with. A lot of people suffer from not being included, but a heated topic right now is racial inclusion. A big example of racial exclusion is Caucasian people being paid more the other minorities. Many studies, including a study by CNN MONEY, show’s that blacks are being paid 6.73 dollars less than whites. Another major example in the news is Asian discrimination, and specifically Harvard and other large ivy league schools, limiting the amount of Asians being accepted intoRead MoreEssay on Defining Racial Discrimination?775 Words   |  4 PagesFor discrimination to occur both power and prejudice need to come together, forming barriers that oppress a person or group of people deemed inferior. Discrimination can be intentional or unintentional. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines racism, as the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities, and produces an inherent superiority of a particular race. Racial discrimination refers to discriminatory actio ns based on race or skin color. Racial discrimination canRead MoreRacial Discrimination In Workplace Essay1730 Words   |  7 Pageswith each passing year these establishments are becoming more and more diverse. However, despite each establishment claiming to be openly diverse, can they still practice discrimination against individuals of different races? In this paper, we will be analyzing an audit study conducted to determine whether racial discrimination is practiced in a popular nighttime bar. Literature Review I want to begin by defining race. Race is a simple social construct that was used to create an order to exploitRead MoreThe Discrimination Of Teen Hispanic Discrimination1791 Words   |  8 PagesTeen Hispanic Discrimination There are many stereotypes and racist remarks in today’s world. This essay will specifically be describing the discrimination towards teenage Hispanics. Many Hispanics are discriminated in today’s society. Discrimination and racism can emotionally scar a person. Many Hispanic teens dropout out of high school due to discrimination. Other Hispanic teens gain depression due to discrimination. Several other Hispanic teens even share their own personal stories about themselves

Essay on Does an Architect’s Ego Get in the Way of...

Does an architect’s ego get in the way of sensible design? Does it? Does an architect have an ego? Well what is ego for that matter? â€Å"Ego: A person’s sense of self-esteem or self-importance† (oxford Dictionary) this is a very tame definition, most people will agree when saying that the definition of ego is in fact the arrogant part of you that in some ways makes you think you are superior or the less cynical of us would like to say an ego is the autopilot of the mind, it’s the thing that one does out of conditioned reflex as a response to any situation, it is biased to childhood and professional experience, an ego can be flexible and adapt to its surroundings., or in many cases I doesn’t, which gives way to the definition of it being the†¦show more content†¦He describes the movements that spread due to the members of Bauhaus fleeing from Nazi Germany, how it affected America and the future architects approach to design. Firstly what he puts across is the minds sets of the architects or as they were called in the time â€Å"White Gods† this alone I believe could have done some significant damage. This notion was made clear when reading about the worker housing exhibition project (Weissenhof Werbund Project) undertaken by Mies Van De Rohe, Le Corbusier, Stam brothers and Victor Bourgeois along with 11 other German big names. The brief was simply to design worker housing, but these architects all had an agenda, to obliterate bourgeois buildings for good, to simply out it. They designed in white, grey and in straight lines, as the book describes, â€Å"How did worker housing look? It looked non-bourgeois within an inch of its life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (From Bauhaus To Our House, Tome Wolfe, Page 31) clean-cut rooms built to their approval was then handed over to the workers, they had loud opinions about it! Simply described as a minimalist cube with grey and white for a burst of colour. The workers des perately tried to make the rooms more comfortable and more â€Å"homey†. The need for user consultation was completely disregarded, the workers were thought as underdeveloped and that the architects had the responsibility of re-educateShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesStevenson, Operations Management, 10th Edition Swink, Melnyk, Cooper, and Hartley, Managing Operations Across the Supply Chain, First Edition Thomke, Managing Product and Service Development: Text and Cases, First Edition Ulrich and Eppinger, Product Design and Development, Fourth Edition Zipkin, Foundations of Inventory Management, First Edition QUANTITATIVE METHODS AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCE Hillier and Hillier, Introduction to Management Science: A Modeling and Case Studies Approach with Spreadsheets

The Goal Of Addiction Treatment - 751 Words

When the goal of addiction treatment is to provide a behavioral change, it is beneficial to challenge the thought process of the individual. Clarifying thoughts can be substantial in the therapeutic process. Essentially, partaking in this activity can increase the chances of relapse prevention, and increase the likeliness of recovery. I visited the Phoenix house on a Sunday evening for an AA meeting. The set up was in a small room that had chairs shaped in a circular formation. I quickly spotted out who seemed to be the leader of the group. He was quite understanding, yet abrasive. He told me that I was able to sit in, and it might be better for me to sit closer to him. For some odd reason, I was anxious and a little nervous to be there. Not necessarily scared of the situation, but I didn’t know what others would think of me. It was that moment when I realized that others around me share this same feeling. I observed the people skimming the room seeking comfort in something or someone. As I attempted to mingle, this lady stopped me to compliment my shoes. We talked for maybe 15 minutes about the reason why we were both here. I told her that this was my first time, and she congratulated me on coming to see how everything goes here. She explained of the differences between having people there through the process verses trying to quit on without guidance. She shared with me the harsh reality of addiction. She stated, â€Å"I couldn’t help it. It was like the drinks were calling outShow MoreRelatedDrug Addiction : Treatment For Pain Management1396 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States, treatment for pain management is a top priority in the healthcare field. However, it is difficult for healthcare professionals to treat severe pain which requires the prescription of commonly abused medications such as morphine, oxycodone and hydrocodone. Pain that is reported by the patient is sub jective and cannot be measured directly making it challenging to treat without producing addiction. Prescribed painkillers abuse has been linked to heroin addiction. Both prescribed opioidsRead MoreThe Benefits Of The Health Care System849 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals needs dealing with substance abuse and mental issues. In addition, AAC offers service not only for the individual, but family therapy, on-site intensive workshops, and individualized addiction plans. Equally important, the addition plans are customized, according to the individual’s seriousness of addiction coupled with the presences of co-occurring mental health disorder. Last, the programs offered are CARF Accredited facilities Research-based therapy services, such as 12-Step based ExperiencedRead MoreHow The Brain Effects Cocaine Dependent Individuals And Treatment1468 Words   |  6 PagesHow the Brain Effects Cocaine Dependent Individuals and Treatment One of the most addictive substances in the modern society that is increasingly abused is cocaine, which is a drug that generates several problems in the society and today’s health care programs. As a result of the increased use of this drug, users sometime develop cocaine addiction or dependence, which is a condition characterized by an overwhelming psychological desire to use the drug regularly. Despite its associated psychologicalRead MoreThe Morality Of Using Opioid Assisted Treatments For Cases Of Addiction962 Words   |  4 PagesDATE: February 21, 2017 RE: The Morality of Using Opioid Assisted Treatments for Cases of Addiction ____________________________________________________________________________ Primum non nocere or ‘above all, do no harm’ is a latin phrase that is the basis for the majority of medical ethics (expand on that). The question of whether or not heroin-assisted treatment (HAT) or methadone-assisted treatment (MAT) for drug addiction is morally or ethically sound boils down to two key component, whatRead MoreResidential Treatment Program Analysis972 Words   |  4 Pageswas evaluated is the Residential Treatment Program for women. The goal of the program is to provide comprehensive treatment services for alcoholism, drug addiction and co-occurring disorders. This program was chosen due to it gender specific treatment for alcohol and drugs exhibited by Serenity Recovery Center. Clients are admitted to treatment voluntary or court mandated and the goal is to assess the success of the residential program for relapse prevention. The goal of the program is to helping peopleRead MoreEssay about Substance Abuse Recovery824 Words   |  4 PagesDespite the higher cost, a high-end substance abuse treatment center does not constitute better treatment. The support of therapists, counselors, family, friends, and peers can all be important factors in the recovery process. The most significant factor for an individual in the recovery process is a desire and a willingness to change. Many options exist for individuals that want to recover from addiction. These options include substance abuse rehabilitation centers and support groups such as AlcoholicsRead MoreThe Management Of A Patient With Compulsive Sexual Behavior1077 Words   |  5 Pagesmanagement of a patient with compulsive sexual behavior requires an understanding of the complete profile of the sexually compulsive or addicted patient. This treatment plan will summarize the patients characteristics as revealed by Bill’s case (page 31 from Clinical Management of Sexual Addiction by Carnes and Adams) and their implications for treatment. Section I: DSM-V Diagnosis (Dx) With the help of greater awareness of sexual exploitation and sexual misconducts more cases of sexual compulsivity areRead MoreMelissa Montague. Professor Robert Peach. English 100.1502 Words   |  7 PagesMontague Professor Robert Peach English 100 18 May 2017 Addiction Requires Treatment, Not a Jail Sentence There is no question about it – addiction is a problem. It’s talked about constantly on the news, social media, and even in our own homes. Considering the statistics, that’s not surprising; as of 2012, an estimated 22 million people over the age of 12 are addicted to drugs or alcohol (Friedman 387). The criminalization of the disease of addiction overloads our legal system, disrupts the lives ofRead MoreTreatment Plan For A Therapy Plan And How It Improves The Odds Of A Person761 Words   |  4 Pagesdependence will need treatment to overcome it. When a client is assessed and found to be suffering from addiction a treatment plan will be put into action. Depending on the severity of the person addiction will determine if they need inpatient care of outpatient care. The odds that a person will succeed without a treatment plan are unlikely. Well discuss the importance of a treatment plan and how it improves the odds of a person overcoming their addiction. The treatment plan process When aRead MoreThe Alternative Treatment Of Wilderness Therapy861 Words   |  4 PagesWhen a parent has a teenager who is struggling with addiction it can be overwhelming. There are many different treatment and therapy options. There are options such as inpatient and outpatient homes. Outpatient therapy treatment may not be enough for those who are heavily addicted and some inpatient programs can last anywhere from up to six to twelve months. Wilderness therapy proves to be a positive alternative treatment in rehabilitating adolescents. Wilderness Therapy is a more successful means

Americ Top Dog Or Underdog - 1556 Words

America: Top Dog or Underdog? Fasten your seatbelts ladies and gentlemen because I’m about to talk you on a field trip that will brush the dust particles off of your brain cells and make you see America like you’ve never seen it before. Your mind will be blown with the statements made by the two authors Barbara Ehrenreich and Fareed Zakaria. This is about to be the most fascinating adventure of your life. Outsourcing, international relations, and foreign policy all combined into one paper. Barbara Ehrenreich’s article â€Å"Your Local News--Dateline Delhi† explains the economic pressures that America is facing such as outsourcing. Fareed Zakaria takes on the global effects of outsourcing in his article â€Å"The Rise of the Rest† in which he†¦show more content†¦Ehrenreich is one of the many Americans that are against the idea of our nation helping others. She thinks that outsourcing is weakening America on the whole. Ehrenreich’s thesis is, after all, is that th is obsession with capitalism has depleted our nationalism; and America has become so obsessed with helping others that we do not take time to help our own â€Å"failing† country. Many people may compare outsourcing to hashtags or selfies, a waste of time and pointless. Also, people may say that outsourcing hit America in a huge tidal wave that is now uncontrollable. Ehrenreich exemplifies this when she writes,†I should’ve seen it coming. In the eighties, US companies began outsourcing the manufacturing of everything from garments to steel, leaving whole cities to die† (609). Basically, Ehrenreich is saying that if outsourcing ruined us then, it will ruin us now; but clearly outsourcing has not ruined us that much because, of all of the jobs that we have outsourced in the last decade, we’re still standing strong. Zakaria contradicts this by saying,†Over the past twenty years, as globalization and outsourcing have accelerated dramatically, Americ a’s growth rate has averaged just over 3 percent† (619). We’ve outsourced all of these jobs and yet our population has grown. The fact that we’re giving opportunities to other countries has not taken

Hard Times Many Symbols about Human Nature Free Essays

In Dickens’s Hard Times, there are many symbols that run through the novel. These symbols stand for much more than Just word you would come across multiple times as you read. Each symbol can mean something about human nature, human relationships, morality, and even about our society. We will write a custom essay sample on Hard Times: Many Symbols about Human Nature or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each symbol can have a different meaning to all of us. The symbols that came up frequently and that stood out to me as I read were staircase, Pegasus, smoke serpents, and fire. The first symbol that stood out to me was the staircase Mrs. Sparsit imagines. This ymbol stood out to me when Mrs. Sparsit notices that Louisa and Harthouse are spending a bunch of time together. As she notices this, she imagines that Louisa is running down some sort of staircase into a â€Å"dark pit of shame and ruin at the bottom. † I believe that this staircase represents her belief that Louisa is going to disappear with Harthouse and ruin herself forever. Mrs. Sparsit has disliked Bounderbys marriage to the Louisa and has always hoped to marry him herself. So this makes her very happy by Louisa’s action to disappear with Harthouse. Through he staircase, Dickens reveals how Mrs. Sparsit’s character is hypocritical. He also suggests that Mrs. Sparsit’s own self misinterprets the situation between Louisa and Harthouse. She misinterprets this because she ends up in shame by having an affair with Harthouse and Louisa ends up returning home to her father. The next symbol that stood out to me was the Pegasus from Mrs. Slearys circus. Mr. Slearys circus entertainers would stay at an inn called the Pegasus Arms. The symbol is inside of this inn. On the inside of this inn, the symbol is a Pegasus that is a odel of a flying horse with golden stars stuck on all over him. This symbol, the Pegasus, represents a world of fantasy and beauty from which Gradgrinds children are not a part of. There is a point when Mr. Gradgrind informs the pupils at his school that wallpaper with horses on it is unrealistic because horses do not in fact live on walls. He always taught the kids hard facts and nothing but them and to not have an imagination. The circus people however live in a world in which horses can dance and flying horses can be imagined even if they do not in fact really exist in the eal world. The name of this inn shows the contrast between the imaginative and very happy world of the circus and Mr. Gradgrind’s belief in the importance of fact and to have no imagination. Another symbol that stood out to me was the smoke serpents above Coketown. The symbol was the streams of smoke that was in the skies above Coketown. These streams are the outcome of factories and industrialization. However, these smoke serpents also represent the obliviousness of some factory owners like Bounderby. He is always so focused on making as much money and profit as he possibly can. Bounderby concludes that the serpents of smoke are a positive sign that the factories are producing and making a g prott Bounderby tails to see the smoke as a torm of unhealthy pollution because he is so concerned about making a profit. He also fails to recognize his own abuse of the hands in his factories. He does not realize how miserable and poor his workers are and is more worried about his business and himself. The final symbol that stood out to me was fire. The first time the symbol fire stood out to me was when Louisa is first introduced in Chapter 3. The narrator explains that here is a â€Å"fire with nothing to burn, a starved imagination keeping life in itself somehow. † This shows that Louisa seems she has not listened to her father’s beliefs against wondering and imagining. The fire also shows a certain kid of warmth. It is says that Louisa often stares into the fireplace when she is alone. She stares as if she sees things in the flames that others do not, like her rigid father and brother. However, there is also another kind of fire that stands out to me in Hard Times. The other time I think of fire in this novel is the fires that keep the factories running. The fire provides heat and power for machines. This shows that fire can be an example of an evil that can be used as a greater good. Through this symbol, Dickens shows the importance of imagination to show the industrialization of human nature. In conclusion, symbols can mean and represent many things in life. People use different symbols every day to represent something that they believe in. For example, many very religious people may wear a cross around their neck to show a symbol of faith Just how the Pegasus from Mrs. Slearys circus is a symbol to the people to have an imagination. How to cite Hard Times: Many Symbols about Human Nature, Papers

Gays in the Army free essay sample

A comparison of the restrictions of gays in the American army to the previous restriction of women in the army. This paper examines the present restrictions that forbids gays from enlisting in the U.S. army. It compares this stance with the prohibition of women in combat units, which has subsequently been lifted. The writer shows how many now consider women to be an asset in the military. The author explains how the homosexual community hopes that this trend of acceptance will be extended to them as well. The question of whether gays should be allowed in the military involves complex arguments not just on the issue of fairness to gays and others in a democratic society but also on the role of the military and any special concerns that have to be considered when creating policy for the military. The issue has been much discussed in recent years and is similar in tone to the argument formerly raised for admitting women into the military, though there are significant differences as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Gays in the Army or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some of the primary reasons given for keeping women out of the service have also been advanced in a modified form for keeping gays out of the military, so the experience the military has had with women is instructive.

Turnitin Report Business to Consumer

Question: Write about theTurnitin Reportfor Business to Consumer. Answer: a) Are any of the bold, coloured text matches in my self-check report missing in-text references?Answer: No, all the matched text is referenced b) Do any of the bold, coloured text matches in my self-check report include more than three words in a row copied from the original source without quotation marks? Answer: Yes, the technical terms like Business to Business, Business to Consumer, and E-commerce and E-businesses are present without quotation mark.c) Do direct quotations take up more than 10% of the essay? Answer: No, the direct quotation does not take more than 10%. d) Are any of the bold, coloured text matches in my originality report purely coincidental? Answer: Yes, the header and terms like models and strategies, Business to Business, Business to Consumer, and E-commerce and E-businesses have been matched coincidentally. e) Do any of the short strings of matching text indicate that my attempts at paraphrasing were not completely successful? Answer: No such element is present in the report. f) Have I synthesised all of the sources ideas into my essay by introducing each piece of source information with a signal phrase and by adding my own comments or interpretation to it in the following sentence? Answer: Yes, I have completely synthesized the ideas and represented them in my own language.

Agricultural regionalisation in assam and kerela Essay Example

Agricultural regionalisation in assam and kerela Essay This report deals with the three aspects ,namely , the agricultural rationalization ,credit allocation mechanism and the rural-urban disparities within the two states of Assam and kernel. Both the states are predominantly agrarian with almost similar rainfall patterns and topography . Being agrarian in nature agricultural rationalization as well as the credit allocation mechanism play a pivotal role in it. If agriculture stagnates, it will act as a break on industrial expansion and halt real Roth.. But it is obvious that there is hardly any possibility of substantial increase in the area of cultivation Therefore, intensive cultivation and strong credit allocation system that will intern help the farmers to get good seeds ,farm equipments appears to be the only way to boost agriculture Both the states have the same staple crop rice but the variety do vary due to temperature and the rainfall patter in the respective states. We will write a custom essay sample on Agricultural regionalisation in assam and kerela specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Agricultural regionalisation in assam and kerela specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Agricultural regionalisation in assam and kerela specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Kraal being termed as the ideal state has been growing at the rate of 6. 98% whereas Assam which is considered as an underdeveloped state its economy grew only by 3. % as compared to the 6% growth rate by India . There are various factors responsible for it. In this report we aim to look at the various agricultural issues and disparity . However we would suggest some key measures/ policy prescriptions that need to be taken by the state to more equitable distribution of resources within the regions and sectors of the state. Overview of agriculture in Assam Agriculture in Assam exhibits most of the characteristics of underdeveloped/ backward agriculture, namely, a high dependence on agriculture for livelihood, widespread practice of traditional farming techniques and correspondingly low sage of modern farm inputs, low levels and low growth in productivity and incomes in the sector, widespread prevalence of subsistence cultivation, poor / inadequate agricultural infrastructure, and so on. About 89 per cent of the population in Assam lives in rural areas as per the 1991 Census. About 75 per cent of the states population is directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture, while about 69 per cent of the workforce in the state is actually engaged in agricultural activities. On the other hand, the sectors contribution to the states income has been falling sharply ever time, from nearly 50 per cent in early sass to only about 35 per cent by the end of sass. Though this is natural when economic development occurs, in Assam this has come about despite the slow overall economic growth in the state. Even though the state is richly endowed in natural resources, such as abundant rainfall, alluvial Assam has been slow over the decades. Consequently, the state is not Just lagging behind most others in the country but is unable to meet its own requirements in many agricultural commodities. Now let us examine the progress of agriculture in Assam, the constraints it faces and possible policy actions that can be taken to remove / reduce those constraints to agricultural growth in the state. DATA: Before proceeding to assess the status of agriculture in Assam, a few remarks on the database are warranted. The analysis relies on secondary data on various variables of interest. The data have been collated from various official statistical documents published by the Government of India, the Government of Assam, the North-Eastern Council, the Fertilizers Association of India, and the Assam Agricultural University, Gorham. The analysis is confined to the post-1980 period up to the latest year for which data are available. The gross cropped acreage total and under different crops is shown in Table 1 as an illustration. The data on total cropped acreage under the state does not tally with the sum total of the acreage under individual crops. This obviously raises doubts about estimates of cropping intensity, cropping patterns, yield levels, et cetera. The data on irrigation also present a somewhat confusing and uncertain picture. On one hand, the data on net area irrigated in the state has not been updated ever since 1953-54. Whereas at other places in the above-mentioned data sources, various figures are reported as the irrigation potential developed and potential utilized. In such a situation, the true picture with regard to the status of irrigation cannot be properly gauged. Further, the status with regard to the availability / use of irrigation for different crops is more or less unknown, as the crop-wise irrigation data have not been updated since 1953-54. With the available data being in such a situation, one can obtain only a rough idea of the state of affairs with regard to agriculture in Assam. They have been used only to obtain a rough comparative picture of the status of agriculture in Assam visit-Â ¤-visit the country as a whole and in some cases with Punjab, probably agriculturally the most advanced state in India. Such comparisons, though lacking in precision, could still provide valuable insights into the problems confronting agriculture in Assam. Agricultural rationalization Agricultural rationalization is basically is an area which depicts homogeneity in respect of agricultural land use and cropping pattern. It generally shows broad similar ties in the nature of crops grown, their combination pattern, method of litigation, average quantum of inputs and orientation of farming activities. Such similarities mainly arise out of the uniformity of physical and agro-climatic conditions and socio- cultural characteristics. With the passage of time agricultural regions undergo changes in their salient features and characteristics. The introduction of rice cultivation in Punjab and popularity of wheat in the lower Gangs plain may be cited as examples. Agricultural regions are affected both by the elements of the physical and cultural environment. While former includes climate, topography, soils etc. ICC have their bearing on the agricultural characteristics, the latter consists of such elements like population density, agricultural practices, agro cultural technology, crop land use, land tenure, land ownership, arbitration, transport and into account in agricultural rationalization. Topography Assam Topography shows the positional features of the state. Sharing its borders with various states like Megalith, England, Bhutan, Mozart, West Bengal, Raunchy Pradesh and Maniple, As sam is located on the north-east part of India. The prime geographical characters that form the topographical features of Assam are he Bark Valley and the River of Paramount. From north-eastern corners to west and further towards south, the Paramount River spread its rich alluvial plains across the length and breadth of Assam. The topography of Assam is also featured through many quaint hills that existed in the land from ancient periods. In fact some of the hills of Mozart, which is an adjoining state, act as the boundary indicators. The state is divided into three broad geographic units: The lower and central Assam hills, known as the Shilling Plateau The Brail ranges and the low hilly terrains of Mezzo hills The Alluvial valley of Paramount, Deanship and the Bark river The lower and central Assam range which includes, from west to east, the Agro, Khaki, Saint and the outlying Mike hills are in reality a plateau or table-land. The general height of the plateau ranges between 3,oft and 6,oft. The Khaki and Juanita hill portion of the plateau are comparatively higher and flatter than the Agro and Mike hills on the west and northeast. The highest peak of the plateau is the Shilling peak (6450 Ft) The lofty Brail ranges, also known as the North Charm hills, are separated from the Shilling plateau on the Northwest by a system of narrow valleys. Technically, the Barrels form a south westerly extension of the mountain chain of England and western Burma. It is this chain of mountain that separates the valley of Irradiated and Chining of Burma from the valley of Paramount and the Meghan. The Patti, Nag and Maniple hills and the Mezzo hills, form part of this great mountain system. The Mezzo hills consist of a belt of North- South trending ridges with intricate valleys, with an average height of 3,oft. The alluvial plains of Assam consist of two distinct parts I. E. The valley of the Paramount and its tributaries and the Bark valley. These are separated from each there by the water shed of the Shilling plateau and the Brail ranges. Climate Assam at present consists of two hill districts and twenty one plain districts. The climate of the hills is generally salubrious while that of the plains is comparatively warm in summer but cool in winter. Accordingly,the climate of Assam is characterized by alternate cool and warm periods with a highly humidity,Especially from May to November. Between March and May at the time when precipitation in Northern India is at the minimum, Assam gets some amount of rainfall from the Northwesters which keep the temperature low in the season of spring. In the plains of Assam, the maximum temperature does not go beyond OFF. Or ICC and in winter the plains of Assam have a minimum temperature of about ICC or about OFF. The climate of the plains and the sub-Montana region becomes unpleasant,especially in the summer season. It happens to be so because of the extreme humidity which comes with the monsoon. In the plains of Assam,including the district of Charm the temperatures in summer may be only about ICC. But the humidity may be so high bouts of rainfall. From the climatic point of view the year in Assam can broadly be divided in two, the cold season and the rainy season. However,there are two other short seasons namely spring and autumn representing the transition between cold and rainy seasons and that between rainy and cold seasons respectively Soil Red Loam Soil, Alluvial Soil and Laterality Soil these three types of soil mainly found in Assam State. Red Loam Soil is found the places like Agro, Mezzo Hills, Charm (part of), Khaki-Saint Hills and Siberia of Assam. Part of Shagbark, Saint Hills, Khaki Hills, Charm (part of) and Owning is the region where Laterality Soil found. Alluvial Soil covers entire Daring, Kumara, Lashings, Goalpost, Siberia and part of Agro Hills. Crops being cultivated in Assam Out of the total geographical area of 78. 43 lake hectares, almost one-third (30. 42 percent) is under net cultivation covering an area of 23. 86 lake hectares (excluding tea area). The gross cropped area occupies about 36. 37 lake hectares.

Basic in Management Essay example

Basic in Management Essay example Basic in Management Essay example resume basic in management as per Robbins, S., Coulter, M., Langton N. (2009) Management. 9th ed. pearson canada inc. toronto, on Week 1 Managerial concerns Efficiency (mean): doing the right thing Low resource waste (high efficiency) Effectiveness (ends): doing thing right High goal attainment (high effectiveness) Managerial function (to achieve organisation’s stated purpose) affected by culture Performing duties to efficiently and effectively coordinate the work of others Planning: degree of risk, plan developed by individual or team, degree of environmental scanning that management will engage Organizing: who much autonomy into employees jobs, task perform by individual or in team, degree that different managers interact with each other Leading: degree of concerns with employees job satisfaction, what leadership style is appropriate, if disagreement even constructive ones should be eliminated Controlling: impose external control or allow employees to control their own actions, criteria in employee’s performance evaluation, repercussion from exceeding budget Management role Interpersonal roles Informational roles Decisional roles Management skills Technical Human Conceptual Challenge to managing Ethics Workforce diversity Globalisation (international organisation) Costumers (create a customer-responsive culture: hire right employee, few rigid rules, empower employee, encourage listening skills, clarity of roles, have conscientious employee Innovations: nothing is more risky than not innovating Knowledge management :cultivation of a learning culture, encourage knowledge charing Type of e-business E-business-enhanced organisation (units within traditional organization) E-business-enabled organisation (tools and app. Used within traditional organization) Total e-business organisation (organisation’s entire work processes revolve around e-business model) Week 2 Manager how much control? Probably between omnipotent and symbolic views The omnipotent view: directly responsible for success or failure The symbolic view: limited effect on outcomes because of a large number of factors outside their control The organisational culture: The way we do things around here. Attention to details: employees are expected to exhibit precision, analysis and attention to details Outcome orientation: manager focus on result or outcomes rather than how these outcome are acheived People orientation: take into account the effect on people Team orientation: work is organise around team rather than individual Aggressiveness: employees are aggressive and competitive rather than cooperative Stability: maintaining the status quo Innovation and rick taking: employees are encourage to be innovative and take risk Factor affecting strength of culture Size of organisation Age of the organisation Rate of employer turnover Strength of original culture Clarity of cultural values and beliefs Strong culture (make it easier for managers to achieve organisation goals) Create stronger employee commitment to the organisation Aids in recruitment High organisation performance by promoting employee initiative Employees learn culture by Stories Rituals Material symbols Language Managers can create ethical, innovative and customer-responsive culture Ethical culture High risk tolerance Low to moderate aggressiveness Focus on mean as well as outcomes Tips: be a visible role model, communicate ethical expectation, provide ethic training, visibly reward ethical and punish unethical acts, provide confidentiality Creating Innovative culture Challenge and involvement Freedom Trust and openness Idea time Playfulness/humor Conflict resolution Debates Risk taking Environment External: forces or institutions that can affect organisation’s performance Public pressure, suppliers, competitor, customers Specific: external forces that have a direct and immediate impact General: economics, socio-cultural,

Employment Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Employment Relations - Essay Example This paper is an assessment of a case study which involves several issues with regard to potential health and safety problems of employers. It also involves issues of wrongful information and retirement of an employee due to injury. The assessment will be done with regard to the following two areas namely, the relevant statutes and acts which can be used here and the options available to the injured or affected parties. This will be in the form of an advice which can be accepted or rejected by those concerned. This writer had been appointed as an office assistant in a firm engaged in the business of life insurers in the UK called Ricky Gervais & Co Ltd. Many factors that have potential negative effects for employees within the office premises are noticed after reporting for work. The secretaries are not provided with proper chairs that have correct supports. They are made to work for long hours sitting in such chairs and are provided with outdated computer screens. A isolated incident of employee injury due to the prank of another employee also occurred as a result of which the injured party had to leave his current job and work for a lower pay. The company had done nothing with regard to this injured employee. The writer has also found that employee assessment by previous employees had been vindictive and untrue. It contained many false allegations with regard to performance, competence, and dependability. Relevant statutes: There are many recourses of law in the UK which could possibly used by the affected employees. They include the Employment Act of 2008, Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974, Employment Rights Act 1996, Employment Relations Act 1999, Employer's Liability (Defective Equipment) Act 1969 and Disability Discrimination Act 1995. They can also take recourse of the employment tribunals in the UK if they so choose as per the provisions of the Employment Tribunals Act 1996. The Employment Act is more of a corrective act is primarily for "repealing and amending existing legislation in the field of employment and trade union law." (Explanatory notes to employment act 2008 2008). Hence it can be used only if it amends or repeals any of the provisions in the other Acts mentioned above. The Employment Relations Act is with regard to trade union relations and hence not very valid here. There is no mention of trade union involvement within the company and hence it can be assumed that Ricky Gervais & Co Ltd is not unionized or even it is so, the strength and bargaining power is low. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is directly related with the health and safety of the employees in the workplace and deals with whatever safety measures taken or not taken by the employer. The Act specifically states that employers are duty bound to see that the workplace is a safe one and should take steps that are as far as practical to ensure that the health and safety of the employers are protected. The Employment Rights Act 1996 related to the rights of employees in several areas of work and this includes safety issues as well. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 also is useful for the injured employee, Geoff. The act states that alternated duties and jobs are to be provided in case employees are unable to perform their

Lessons from the Cold War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lessons from the Cold War - Essay Example The United States is widely considered to be the â€Å"winner† of the Cold War for several reasons. Firstly, there is simple geography: if you look at a map, the United States exists now exactly as it did during the years of the Cold War (in fact, it actually grew somewhat during the conflict, adding Hawaii and Alaska as states as opposed to protectorates or territories), whereas the Soviet Union dissolved as a political entity, becoming Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, the Baltic States, Belarus, Ukraine, and several other smaller states between the Black and Caspian Seas (Brooks 450). More importantly, however, was the fact that the political ideology of Russia shifted – the one-party, the communist government ended, the economy was capitalized, state-run corporations became privately owned and so on. So, the state of the Soviet Union and the form of government and economy that it represented both ended, while the United States remained the lone Superpowe r. There are various explanations of how the Cold War was â€Å"won† or â€Å"lost† without recourse to a nuclear war. One of the major theories is that the United State’s more efficient and productive economy simply outpace the Soviet one, leading the Soviet government to either fall behind militarily or socially – both of which would have led to the downfall (Brooks 449). The classic explanation can be summarized as ‘the United States could make tanks and cars, the Soviet Union, one or the other.’ Any explanation that fails to take into account Soviet leadership, however, is somewhat naà ¯ve. The fact is that Gorbachev, the leader of the Soviet Union, genuinely sought openness and freedom for his people, and allowed them the freedom to choose what type of economy they wanted, which allowed the Soviet Union to fall without violent backlashes towards either the United States or its own populace (Brooks 454).

The African Union And Its Potential Politics Essay

The African Union And Its Potential Politics Essay On the 23rd of April 2007, an article was published in the New York Times entitled Africas Crisis of Democracy, which discussed the troubled presidential elections in Nigeria. According to analysts and observers, Nigeria was moving down a worrying path. Politicians and voters alike were becoming more and more disillusioned and started to lose confidence in the Nigerian political system and in democracy as a whole. Peter Lewis, director of African Studies Program at the John Hopkins University, was one of the researchers that conducted a survey on African public opinion and he ascertained that the political scenes in different African countries differed strongly from one another, especially during elections and in their aftermath. He stated that some countries have vibrant political scenes, while others go through the routine of elections but governance doesnt seem to improve (New York Times 2007).Lewis used the information generated through the survey to confirm the claim that people s confidence in democracy has drastically decreased. The results of survey showed that there was a 13 percent decrease, from 58 percent to 45 percent, in trust in a democratic political system since 2001 (New York Times 2007). Nigerias 2007 presidential elections were plagued by chaos, violence and fraud. These phenomena are not only present in Nigerian politics, but form a reoccurring theme in African politics in general. Many African democracies, according to Western standards, can be characterized as failed. In an article written by Ali Mazrui, states are claimed to be failed when they are unable to meet the following six criteria: exercise sovereign control over their territory; supervise their resources; effectively and rationally extract revenue from people, goods and services; build and maintain an adequate national infrastructure; provide for basic services like sanitation, education and healthcare; and lastly, states are bookmarked as failed if they are unable to bring up the capacity for governance and maintenance of law and order (Mazrui 1995: 28-29). Keeping these criteria in mind, it may be cautiously concluded that many African states are in trouble. The Angolan government can be drawn upon a s a relevant example; the government lost sovereign control over many regions of the country and as a result of this, the government also lost control over many of its resources, infrastructure and revenue (Mazrui 1995: 29). Apart from Angola, many other African states are unable to effectively control many of their countrys resources and set up an effective tax system. The consequences of these failings are that states become paralyzed by the lack of income and therefore cannot exercise their duty to provide basic services for their people, or even worse, a crisis of governance ensues. In the search for an overarching solution to these national problems, many scholars and heads of state have looked in the direction of the African Union (AU) to offer some relief and support. But what kind of organization is the AU and how can it be expected to help in solving structural political, economic and social problems that African states have? In this paper, an attempt will be made to answer these questions. Understanding Africas History It is important to understand the historical background of the African continent before even attempting to formulate a possible solution for the structural political and economic problems that the African states face today. Before colonialism and the formation of African nation states, the different regions of the continent were ruled by tribes with different ethnic backgrounds and cultures. Due to these differences, the tribes were often in conflict with each other over, amongst others, their territorial boundaries. Therefore, it could be said that there were already significant political centers and territorial division based on the heritage of common identity. During the scramble for Africa, the African continent was divided along the straight edge of a ruler, completely disregarding the already existing political formations and territorial divisions. Logically, the political elites of pre-colonial Africa had different political practices which strongly differed from those of the West, specifically on their concept of sovereignty. First of all, in the different regions of pre-colonial Africa control was exercised over people rather than land and secondly, political practices tended to be shared amongst the different political elites. That being said, it was not uncommon for different communities to have allegiances to a number of political centers (Herbst 1996-1997: 127-128). The political landscape of pre-colonial Africa was a web of territorial boundaries, defined by ethnic differences, and political allegiances to more than one political center. With the coming of Western imperialism these already existing divisions were abruptly disturbed. The initial transition from colonial status to independence in many African states proceeded quite swiftly and without major problems. This relatively peaceful transition can be attributed to the fact that in the last years of colonization, many of the leading African political figures were, for most parts, already in charge of their countries affairs (Emerson 1962: 277). After the abolition of colonialism, it was widely assumed that Africans would undo the boundaries that were set by the imperialists, but this did not happen. Also, the political structures introduced by the colonial intruders stayed intact. There were a few important reasons for why the expected territorial and political change did not occur in African countries. The first was that the leading political figures needed the state structure left behind by the West, because if the structure of the Western state was removed, there were no fitting alternatives that could compensate for it (Emerson 1962: 276). The only eff ective political structures present in Africa were the tribes, but these were of too small a scale to be of any significance (Emerson 1962: 276). Second, the inherited state system was in itself very fragile because of the absence of old-established political entities and robust communities which could lend stability the states (Emerson 1962: 279). Nevertheless, allowing the tribes to take over power as dominant elements, would have spiraled African countries into a state partial, if not total anarchy (Emerson 1962: 279). After colonialism, African states were left with a fractured internal situation. Many different tribes had been lumped together in attempt to achieve an easy governable unit, but in doing so, colonialism left behind great internal divisions that needed to be overcome in order for the states to function effectively. Apart from internal unity, the political elites of many new African states tried to achieve African unity through the ideology of Pan-Africanism. The most simplest and satisfactory definition of the phenomenon Pan-Africanism is that all Africans have a spiritual affinity with each other and that, having suffered together in the past, they must march together into a new and brighter future (Emerson 1962: 280). This idea of a united Africa and a shared African destiny sparked the initiative of the organization of Africas political elites into an intergovernmental organization. They joined forces in what was first known as the Organization of African Unity (OAU). However, the establishment of the OAU did not come to pass without a struggle, for there were definite differences in the objectives of the political elites that participated. There was a distinct schism between the post-colonial African states who envisioned an African partnership; the states were divided into two groups, the Casablanca and the Monrovia group. These two groups had slightly different ideological backgrounds, with the Casablanca group being more radical and the Monrovia group taking in moderate position. The Casablanca group envisioned a new Political Kingdom in which the participating states gave up most of their sovereignty, whilst the Monrovia group held firmly to the concepts of state sovereignty and self-determi nation in a partnership with other African countries. After long and numerous deliberations, these groups were dissolved by the establishment of the OAU in 1963 in Addis Ababa (BBC News 2001). However, in 2002 the OAU was replaced by a new organization, the AU, because the OAU was judged to be no longer adequate for the region (Packer and Rukare 2002: 365). The Constitutive Act of the African Union entered into force on May 26, 2001. The OAU as well as the AU were in part set up to help overcome the ethnic and social cleavages within the different African states, but before continuing with a further analysis of the AU and in which way it differs from the OAU and other intergovernmental organizations, it is important to broaden our understanding of these ethnic and social differences, and in which way they undermine a strong and legitimate state structure. In the case of Africa, overcoming these cleavages has proven to be quite difficult. The colonial era has left a deep mark on the African continent; because the imperialists divided the continent without taking the already existing divisions into account, many of the post-colonial African states are plagued by civil wars and unrest. The lack of an overarching national identity and the weak nature of the state system do not help in resolving the problem. What is needed is the reactivation of communalism; a common denominator which many, if not all Africans can rel ate to. According to Julius Nyerere, this may be found by introducing the ideas and beliefs of African socialism to all African communities. In a speech he made on the 13th of July 1966, Nyerere spoke of the difficulties that the formation of African unity faces. The development of the individual nation states will always be more important than the development of an African unity, because of the obligations that national governments have towards their people. This does not only pertain to political development, but also to the development of the national economy. So, when national governments take steps to develop themselves, it is inevitable that they will be taking a step way from African unity (Nyerere 1965 1967: 210). Nevertheless, Nyerere still believed that unity within and between states was possible; internal conflict and disunity can be overcome by the promotion of nationhood (Nyerere 1965 1967: 209) and an African unity can be achieved by deliberately moving to unity in every int er-state action (Nyerere 1965 1967: 210). In the Arusha Declaration of 1967, the precise ideology that formed the bases for African socialism were laid down. A few of the most important elements of the Declaration were: the absence of exploitation, the major means of production and exchange were in the hands of the peasants and the workers, the existence of a democracy and the conviction that socialism was a belief and not just an ideology (Nyerere 1965 1967: 233-234). There are many more important statements in the Arusha Declaration, the one just as important as the other, but they all amount to the following: respect thy neighbor as you would want to be respected, because all men are equal irrespective of race, religion or status and all share the responsibility of building up a strong nation state, through hard work and intelligence, that is free from poverty and inequality. Research Question The main purpose of this paper is to first of all understand what type of organization the AU is and if it can be compared to any existing inter-governmental or supra-national organizations. As the saying goes, with which one of these geese does the AU flock? After determining its nature, a further analysis of the Unions potential will be set out. The concrete research question is formulated as follows: What type of organization is the African Union and in which way can it contribute in solving any of the structural political, economic, and social problems Africa has? Employing a predominantly qualitative methodology, which will take the form of a literary analysis, this paper will try to answer the research question by first answering a few sub categories or questions. First, the AU and its goals will be compared to that of its predecessor: the OAU. After that, a short comparison with the UN and the EU will be made in order to determine what kind of structure the AU has. Then, the potential of the AU will be discussed by focusing on its Charter and the areas in which it succeeds and those where it fails. By using academic papers, commission reports of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, the official website of different organizations, books and other sources, the objectives of this paper will hopefully be achieved. Comparing structures From the Organization of African Unity to the African Union The OAU On 25th of May, the OAU was established in Addis Ababa on the stool of Pan-Africanist ideals (Department of International Relations and Cooperation 2002). The basic ideas that underpinned the establishment of the organization was that African states needed to be strongly united against colonial oppression and racism, and also needed to improve the lives of the African peoples. Starting off with 32 member states, the OAU grew over the years to eventually gain a total of 53 member states. Unfortunately, by its fifteenth anniversary, the organization was seen to have failed in achieving its set goals: responding to serious intra-African conflicts and to act against foreign intervention (Packer and Rukare 2002: 365). Also, the OAU was plagued by an internal schism between radical (the Casablanca group) and moderate member states (the Monrovia group). Adding to this list of setbacks was the fact that many member states were troubled by a worsening economic situation. There was a drastic a nd immediate need for reform mainly because the contemporary challenges of the continent had changed. By 1988, the goal of eradicating colonialism and bringing forth independence in Africa was almost completely achieved. Still, the economic crisis was a very significant problem which was not being dealt with adequately, mainly due to two important principles in the OAU charter. The first was the sovereign equality of all member states and the second was the non-interference in the international affairs of states (The OAU Charter 1963: 4). According to experts, these two principles needed to be revised (Packer and Rukare 2002: 367). To say the least, the OAU was thwarted by the boundaries set by its own charter. The insistence of the OAU to maintain the territorial boundaries that were set by the colonizers prevented it from taking action in territorial claims, but also the insistence of upholding the two principles stated above restricted the OAU in intervening in many of its member states to stop economic degradation. The organization was also structurally and functionally weak, particularly with regard to the secretariat and the secretary-general (Packer and Rukare 2002: 369). The insignificant authority of the secretary-general made it impossible for him to supervise peacekeeping operations and act as negotiator in resolving conflicts. Furthermore, it was extremely difficult to achieve consensus in the OAU Assembly, because the member states were often unable to transcend their national interests (Packer and Rukare 2002: 369). The final problem that the OAU faced was chronic underfunding. In spite of all these problems and the proposal for the reform of the OAU, the African political elites chose to establish a new organization (the AU) instead of reforming the OAUs structure and revising its Charter. The important question that comes to mind is whether the AU can overcome the weaknesses of that the OAU and its Charter faced. The AU In 2002, the AU was established and replaced the OAU. The principle goal of the AU was to protect the security of the continent, rather than the sovereignty of individual states (Hanson 2009: 1). This is the first and foremost difference between the AU and the OAU, but the AU also plays an increasingly high-profile role in peacekeeping (Hanson 2009); another area where the OAU failed. The main objectives of the AU are the increase of development; combat poverty and corruption; and ending as many of Africas problem as possible (Hanson 2009). As one of the only international organizations in the world, the AU recognizes the right to intervene in the affairs of its member states on humanitarian and human rights grounds (Hanson 2009). These guidelines were based on the recommendations of a report entitled: The Responsibility to Protect. The report stated that sovereign state have the responsibility to protect their own citizen from avoidable catastrophe from mass murder and rape, from starvation- but when they are unwilling or unable to do so, that responsibility must be borne by the broader community of states (ICISS 2001: VIII). This key principle sets the AU apart from all other international organizations, including its predecessor the OAU. The European Union and the United Nations The European Union (EU) is an economic and political international organization founded under its current name in 1993. The objectives of the EU are the promotion of economic and social progress and the representation and assertion of the European identity on the international scene (NATO publications 2001). The EU hopes to achieve and maintain economic progress through the creation of a boarder-free Europe with an economic and monetary union, strongly represented by a single currency. On the issue of social progress, the EU promotes economic and social cohesion between its member states (NATO publications 2001). The EU asserts its identity on the international scene through a Common Foreign and Security policy as well as a common defense policy (NATO publications 2001). A commonality share with the AU is the basic principles of respect for national identities, democracy and fundamental human rights (NATO publications 2001). The United Nations (UN), founded in 1945 after the Second World War, is an international organization that tries to maintain international peace and security; develop friendly relations between nations; and promote social progress and better living standards (UN: website). The UN also tries to safeguard the human rights of all the world citizens (UN: website). The UN has a unique international character that assists in the Union in reaching every corner of the world. Apart from peacekeeping and international security, the UN also works on a broad range of fundamental issues from sustainable development to the promotion of democracy (UN: website). While both the EU and the UN are both inter-governmental organizations, the EU takes on the form of a more supra-national organization. Both of these organizations were also created through the decision of different states to cooperate in order to serve over-arching purposes in different issue areas. Nevertheless, the UN is able to tackle more problems than the EU, because it is not bound to one specific area of the globe. Also, the EU has the power to sanction its European member states to comply with the made agreements, by for instance threatening with economic sanctions. While the UN strives to achieve equality and respect for human rights, the EU is mainly concerned with regional economic integration. The African Union tends to resemble the UN more that the EU. Even though the AU can only have member states within a certain geographical area like the EU, the AU still lacks the power to force its member states into compliance due to the lack of legitimacy. This legitimacy can only be attained if and when member states agree to give up a part of their sovereignty to the AU. Also, the issue areas with which that AU is concerned include other issue beside economic integration. In concurrence with the UNs objectives, the AU also takes on the responsibility of peacekeeping role and promotes social progress and unity within and between the different African states. Even though the AU was intended to be somewhat of a supra-national organization, it still has a long way to going before it is able to reach its fully functional and reaches its true potential. The African Unions Potential and Shortcomings As stated above, the main objective of the AU is to protect the security of the African continent and promote African unity. The AU has embarked on a number of peacekeeping missions under the inquisitive eyes of Western observers, who were not too convinced of the ability of the AU peacekeepers. Amongst the achievements of the AU are a number of successful interventions in a few of the member states (Hanson 2009). The 2008 intervention in Anjouan resulted in the successful expulsion of the Islands separatist leader (Hanson 2009), and the 2003 intervention in Burundi by the AU was acknowledged as a success by the international community. Still, the AU has more shortcomings than it has successes. The short life span and experience of the AU in peacekeeping lead to an unsuccessful intervention in Somalia and Sudan. This failure can be attributed to the lack of sufficient political and material support. Like the OAU, the AU faced a number of organizational and financial barriers as well as the same tremendous challenges with respect to poverty and civil war. The inability to effectively organize regional economic communities, on which the AU was also dependent for funds, was another one of the numerous shortcomings of this relatively young organization (Hanson 2009). As things stand, the AU is still somewhat fragile but has all the makings of an effective organization. In order to achieve its full potential a number of obstacles need to be overcome: the first and most important being the financial boundaries that it faces. In order to overcome this boundary, that AU needs to invest in strengthening the economic community on which it is reliant for funds. Furthermore, it needs to find new ways of generating fund from the international community. The second obstacle that stands in the way of an effective AU is the successful cooperation between the political elites of the different member states. Only when consensus is reached between the political elites of the member states, can the AU act in uniformity. Conclusion: Answering the Research Question The research question that this paper intends to answer is: What type of organization is the African Union and in which way can it contribute in solving any of the structural political, economic, and social problems Africa has? Before initiating the analysis on the similarities and differences between the AU and other international organizations, the relevance of ethnic and social differences within the different African states was discussed. This was an important starting point, because the problems that ensued from these ethnic and social cleavages were partially the reason for the establishment of the AU. The fragile state systems, left behind by the imperialists, were unable to fortify their legitimacy strengthen their institutional structure, partially due to the absence of internal unity. One solution to this problem was put forth by Julius Nyerere in the form of African socialism, which advocated national communalism which would unite Africans at the national levels and unit Africa as a whole. After ascertaining the relevance of the social and ethnic cleavages, the AU, OAU, EU and the UN were compare with each other in order to uncover what kind of organization the AU was. The AU was discovered to share the most resemblance with the UN and therefore, like the UN, tends to be more of an inter-governmental organization than a supra-national one. In answering the next part of the research question in which way the AU can contribute in solving any of the structural, economic and social problems of Africa the potential and shortcomings of the AU were discussed. The AU has a very promising structure, but the organization still has a long way to go before it is fully functional. Therefore, it can be cautiously concluded that if the with the coming of years and through the overcoming of the many obstacles it faced, the AU will be able to make a relevant contribution to solving some of Africas many problem.