Should Cigarettes Be Illegal

Will Congress, or various states, begin to ban the sale and distribution of cigarettes? Latest Developments According to a recent Zogby poll, 45% of those surveyed supported a ban on cigarettes within the next 5-10 years. Among respondents aged 18-29, the figure was 57%. History Cigarette bans are nothing new. Several states (such as Tennessee and Utah) enacted bans on tobacco near the end of the 19th century, and various municipalities have more recently banned indoor smoking in restaurants and other public places. Pros 1. Under Supreme Court precedent, a federal ban on cigarettes passed by Congress would almost unquestionably be constitutional. Federal drug regulations operate under the authority of Article, Section 8, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution, better known as the Commerce Clause, which reads: The Congress shall have power ... To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes ... de facto Gonzales v. Raich Justice John Paul Stevens Congress could have rationally concluded that the aggregate impact on the national market of all the transactions exempted from federal supervision is unquestionably substantial. 2. Cigarettes pose a grave public health hazard. As Terry Martin, About.coms Quit Smoking Guide, explains: Cigarettes pose a wide range of health risks, including blindness, stroke, heart attacks, osteoporosis, and more forms of cancer and lung disease than you can shake a stick at.Cigarettes contain 599 additives, and function as a delivery system for toxic chemicals and carcinogens.Nicotine is highly addictive. secondhand smoke even nonsmokers Cons 1. The individual right to privacy should allow people to harm their own bodies with dangerous drugs, should they choose to do so. While the government has the power to enact public smoking bans, there is no legitimate basis for laws restricting private smoking. We may as well pass laws prohibiting people from eating too much, or sleeping too little, or skipping medication, or taking on high-stress jobs. Laws regulating personal conduct can be justified on three grounds: The Harm Principle, which states that laws are justified if they prevent individuals from causing harm to others. For strict civil libertarians, this is the only legitimate basis of law. Examples of Harm Principle laws include the vast bulk of the criminal code--laws dealing with murder, robbery, assault, fraud, and so forth.Morality Law, which prevent individuals from engaging in conduct that is offensive to the sensibilities of those in power, regardless of whether or not it harms others. Most Morality Law statutes have something to do with sex. Examples of Morality Laws include most obscenity laws, sodomy laws, and laws banning same-sex marriage.Paternalism, which prevents individuals from engaging in conduct that is harmful to themselves. While Morality Law tends to be a conservative idea, the logic of Paternalism is generally more common among liberals. Examples of Paternalism laws include, well, laws regulating private drug use. The logic of Paternalism (Stop or youll go blind! ) is also frequently used in conjunction with Morality Law to regulate sexual activities. civil liberties Declaration of Independence 2. Tobacco is essential to the economy of many rural communities. As documented in a 2000 USDA report, restrictions on tobacco-related products do have a substantial impact on local economies. The report did not examine the potential effects of a full-scale ban, but even existing regulation poses an economic threat: Public health policies intended to reduce the incidence of smoking-related disease adversely affect thousands of tobacco farmers, manufacturers, and other businesses that produce, distribute, and sell tobacco products ... Many tobacco farmers lack good alternatives to tobacco, and they have tobacco-specific equipment, buildings, and experience. Where It Stands Regardless of the arguments pro and con, a federal ban on cigarettes is a practical impossibility. Consider: Approximately 45 million Americans smoke.When voter turnout in 2004 (the highest since 1968) was only 125 million, any smoking ban would have such an overwhelmingly massive effect on U.S. politics that the party or politician responsible for the ban would soon lose all political power.The government simply does not have adequate law enforcement personnel to change the behavior of 45 million people by force.The tobacco lobby is one of the most powerful political forces in America.When California proposed a new 2006 tax referendum on tobacco extraction, tobacco companies were able to painlessly drop almost $70 million in advertisements to defeat it. To put this in perspective: Remember in 2004, when everybody talked about what a dynamo Howard Dean was because of his unparalleled fund-raising ability? Well, he raised $51 million. But it is still worth asking ourselves: If its wrong to ban cigarettes, then why isnt it just as wrong to ban other addictive drugs, such as marijuana?

The Brewing Co Of Michigan Breweries - 1284 Words

Over the last 20 plus years, there has been a rapidly growing number of craft breweries in the United States, including the State of Michigan. According to the official State of Michigan – Pure Michigan website (http://www.michigan.org/breweries/), â€Å"The craft beer craze is sweeping Michigan, making it fifth in the nation in the number of breweries, microbreweries and brewpubs.† The Michigan Beer Guide (2016), lists 259 different craft brewers in its current issue. While there seem to be many success stories, there are also examples of Michigan breweries that have gone out of business. According to Steven R. Reed (2013), â€Å"Michigan Brewing Co. founder †¦ took the Webberville company into bankruptcy this week, seven months after one of 300-plus creditors forced the auction of his equipment along with brands that had developed a statewide following.† As a personal observer of this story during its unfolding, to casual appearances, this was a busy, successful micro-brewery. This micro-brewery was one of the first in Michigan to take advantage of the growing popularity of the niche, yet suffered an untimely end. Craft breweries can, obviously, fail like any other business enterprise. One of the reputed benefits which have allowed the new craft beer industry to grow and thrive is the better profit margins possible for making beer and ale on premises. Business scholars Kleban Nickerson (2011) have noted that â€Å"Since 2006, the craft beer industry has been able toShow MoreRelatedThe New Face And The Beer Industry1264 Words   |  6 Pagesover taps. Michigan alone has over a hundred different breweries. The economic system is on a rise, because of the new style of beer coming to supermarkets and party stores. There are also new jobs being created by the tourism of all the new tap houses opening up. Microbreweries is a new business that is making changes to alcohol production, it is creating jobs, boosting the economy, and demolishing the monopolization of the beer industry. There are many different microbrewers in Michigan. AccordingRead MoreBrewery Vivant Essay6207 Words   |  25 PagesMARKETING BUDGET 19 PLAN CONTROL 19 SOURCES 21 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This paper examines opportunities for Brewery Vivant, a regional brewery in Grand Rapids, Michigan, to increase sales to reach their target of 5,000 barrels a year. An analysis of the company’s market positioning within the industry, current marketing mix, SWOT analysis and interviews were conducted. Brewery Vivant is part of the craft brew industry, a segment that continues to outpace overall beer consumption. There areRead MoreDesign Firm Loyal Supply Co.1969 Words   |  8 PagesDESIGN FIRM LOYAL SUPPLY CO. OPENS NEW RETAIL STORE IN UNION SQUARE, SOMERVILLE. Designer Ryan Habbyshaw and producer Kim LaFoy left their respective positions at Ideo and Jack Morton to start a new design firm in Somerville. When searching for office space, they decided to forgo the traditional office building and chose to open a retail store specializing in the very products that make their design work more effective. The collective theme of the products at Loyal Supply Co. is utility. The availableRead MoreBeer and Heineken3466 Words   |  14 Pagessociety, all the way up to the upper class. They have a wide range of brands and beverages to offer that are appealing to each social class. 5. Brief History * Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc. traces its roots to 1852 and the Bavarian Brewery in St. Louis. * Adolphus Busch, a successful German businessman, joined his father-in-law in the business in the 1860s and took on increasing responsibility. * Budweiser was the first national beer brand, introduced in 1876. Read MoreOrganizational Structure of Tsingtao and Heineken5516 Words   |  23 PagesBackground of Tsingtao â€Å"Tsingtao Brewery Co., Ltd., one of the oldest beer producers in China, was founded in 1903 by German and British merchants under the name Nordic Brewery Co., Ltd. Tsingtao Branch. Tsingtao Brewery was the sponsor of the Beijing Olympics in 2008. The brand value of Tsingtao Beer is as high as RMB 36.625 billion, making Tsingtao Brewery the top Chinese beer company among the world’s top 500 brands. On July 15, 1993, Tsingtao Brewery became the first-ever Chinese companyRead More Executive Summary of Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc. Essay3938 Words   |  16 Pagesbrand worldwide and making selected investments in leading brewers in key international beer growth markets. The company has made significant marketing investments to build Budweiser brand recognition outside the United States and operates overseas breweries in China and the United Kingdom. The company also has a significant equity position in Grupo Modelo, Mexico’s largest brewer and producer of the Corona brand. #61553; Continued support of profit growth in packaging and entertainment operationsRead MoreBad Frog Case Study Essay examples9445 Words   |  38 PagesBad Frog Brewery, Inc. v. New York State Liquor Authority 134 F.3d 87 (1998) Copyright 2002 Lawrence O. Gostin. No claim made to original government works Doc. 11134087 BAD FROG BREWERY v. NEW YORK STATE LIQUOR AUTH., 134 F.3d 87 (1998) 1 of 18 BAD FROG BREWERY, INC. PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT v. NEW YORK STATE LIQUOR AUTHORITY, ANTHONY J. CASALE, LAWRENCE J. GEDDA, EDWARD F. KELLY, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS MEMBERS OF THE NEW YORK STATE LIQUOR AUTHORITY, DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES UNITED STATESRead MoreAlcohol Marketing and Advertising25059 Words   |  101 PagesThe present study provides evidence that the proceedings of the Code Review Board of the Distilled Spirits Council of the United States (DISCUS) provide a critical review of spirits company compliance with the DISCUS Code. Additionally, Coors Brewing Company now participates in a third-party review program run by the Dispute Resolution Division of the Council of Better Business Bureaus, and two other companies have stated that they will adopt alternative approaches to obtain third-party inputRead MoreStarbucks Entry to China10685 Words   |  43 PagesStarbucks brand lies in two very important cornerstones our coffee and our people. Our passion for coffee means applying our coffee expertise and the highest standards of excellence to every detail of the coffee, from selecting and roasting the beans, to brewing the perfect cup of coffee. He added, At the same time, our people are highly valued partners in creating the unique Starbucks Experience. It is 1 Business Wire. â€Å"Starbucks Celebrates First Store Opening In Shenzhen; Starbucks Brings Coffee PassionRead MoreStarbucks Entry to China10678 Words   |  43 PagesStarbucks brand lies in two very important cornerstones our coffee and our people. Our passion for coffee means applying our coffee expertise and the highest standards of excellence to every detail of the coffee, from selecting and roasting the beans, to brewing the perfect cup of coffee. He added, At the same time, our people are highly valued partners in creating the unique Starbucks Experience. It is 1 Business Wire. â€Å"Starbucks Celebrates First Store Opening In Shenzhen; Starbucks Brings Coffee Passion

Changes to the United States from 1770-1870 free essay sample

The United States changed so many things from 1770 to 1870. The population increased drastically, from 2,148,100 in 1770 to 38,558,371 in 1870. The increase in population is caused by immigration of people to the US and slavery was another cause. Slavery and population had a big effect on the next 100 years of the United States history. The US also changed diversely with new innovations like roads, waterways, railroads, steamboats, and refrigerated railroad cars. A few new innovations that changed or improved from 1776 to 1870 are the roadways, waterways, railroads, steamboats, and refrigerated railroad cars. Roadways were an innovation that created a way for easier, and faster transportation. Waterways were also a way for transportation, to cut out a lot of lands, and cut out time. Waterways are a faster way for trade and barter. Steamboats were what pioneers used to travel down the waterways to trade and sell goods. Railroads were still used for closer travel, with items that did not need to get there as fast as possible, because railroad cars do not move very fast, although the steam engine improved the speed of transportation also. We will write a custom essay sample on Changes to the United States from 1770-1870 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The United States did make rather large changes over 100 years, from 1776 to 1870. It all started with the signing of the Declaration of Independence, which lead to us fighting for our freedom. During this period of time the constitution was ratified, the Revolutionary war ends, and the Louisiana Purchase takes place. Factories advanced and cities were industrializing, and many different machines were invented that changed the way the industrial world worked. Women played an important role in the changes that were made in the US during this century. Women were not just the â€Å"stay at home and clean† women anymore, they were allowed to join the workforce and take on roles that before, only the men were allowed to have. The constitution was ratified during this time also.The United States changed in so many ways over a century. People grew in knowledge and ability to create these machines that changed the workforce. Factories were improved and the cities industrialized and caused many people to migrate to the US causing the population to increase drastically. Slavery had always been a big issue in the US, and it was decreased immensely, although the blacks were still segregated. The machines that were built innovated the way the people thought and created a new ballpark for new innovators to create new things to keep the world moving forward.

Narrative Design of Fargo free essay sample

The 1996 film, Fargo was directed and written by Joel and Ethan Coen. Unlike many films, Fargo was not filmed in a linear pattern; instead, Fargo was filmed in an episodic pattern with three sets of characters that gradually flow into one linear path. Fargo also has an unusual set of characters, with the true roles of the protagonist and antagonist being shown and understood towards the middle of the film. The film was set in 1987 and took place mainly in Brainerd, Minnesota. The film focuses on the characters and the details of the plot, rather than the subject and story itself, to allow the audience to perceive the film as a case investigation using an omniscient narration with the camera. The first part of film focuses a lot on the characters and how they relate to one another by case and effect. There are three main characters in the film are: Jerry Lundegaard, Carl Showalter, and Marge Gunderson. We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative Design of Fargo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jerry Lundegaard, a car salesmen who is in desperate need of money, he arranges to have his wife kidnapped to get money from his wealthy father-in-law. Carl Showalter and his partner Gaear Grimsrud are the hired kidnappers that gets into trouble and causes three homicides of a police, and two passersby. The murders results to a local police, Marge Gunderson to trace and investigate the event. Other than the three round characters, the film also contains a few flat characters like the two girls at the bar who slept with Carl Showalter and Gaear Grimsrud and was later interviewed by Marge. The girls were minor characters, and their characters were given one dimension. Up until this point, the protagonist and the antagonist of the film are still unclear. We see Jerry Lundegaard as the protagonist and Carl Showalter and Gaear Grimsrud as the antagonist. But as Marge starts the investigation and when she tried to question Jerry Lundegaard, the audience starts to see that Marge is the true protagonist, while Jerry Lundegaard serves as the antagonist who was the cause of the three homicides, the missing car, and his wifes kidnapping. The second part of the film, after Marge interviews the two girls at the bar. The films episodic pattern starts to follow a linear path. After the interview, Marge was able to track down the car Carl Showalter and Gaear  Grimsrud were driving to Jerrys car dealership, where she questions him about the missing car. Jerry Lundegaard denies the missing car at first, but then flees out and tries to escape when Marge convinces Jerry to do an inventory check. This causes Marge to call the police to arrest Jerry Lundegaard. Then on the way back to Brainerd, Marge spots the missing car from Jerrys dealership and finds Gaear Grimsrud getting rid of Carl Showalters body, and arrests him. The film has a first person narration with both an omniscient and restricted view. Through first person narration, we only see and know what the character informs us; therefore allowing the audience to feel like Marge under a case investigation, getting only the information provided by the character and suspect. So far the plot of the film has allowed the audience to understand the basic organization and events of the film. In the beginning, the audience where able to see Jerry Lundegaard asking Carl Showalter and Gaear Grimsrud to kidnap his wife in exchange for money and a car. Then in the rising action, we see Jerry Lundegaards father-in-law finally accepting his proposal of buying a 40-acre land to build a parking lot. Just when the plot seemed to have a positive change, we hit the climax, and we see that Carl Showalter and Gaear Grimsrud has killed three people after kidnapping Jerrys wife, and is asking for more money than the original deal. The n in the falling action, Jerrys father-in-law decides to find Carl Showalter by himself despite what Jerry said of Carl Showalter and Gaear Grimsrud only wanting to deal and speak with him. Jerrys father-in-law meets with Carl and demands him to hand over his daughter first, while Carl demands him to hand him the money first. Upset, Carl shoots Jerrys father-in-law. Jerrys father-in-law shoots back at Carl, which provoked him even more and kills Jerrys father-in-law. In conclusion, Marge arrested Gaear after he killed Carl, and Jerry was found and arrested at a hotel. Though the plot of the film started with Jerry meeting with Carl and Gaear for the first time and ended with the antagonists being arrested and Marge going back home with her husband, the story did not. We see that the storyof the film starting when Jerry Lundegaard first realized that he is in debt and that he is in desperate need for money. The film also allows the audience to perceive their own ending of the films story, for the audience to determine whether or not both Jerry and Gaear are being sent to prison, and whether or not Jerrys wife is alive. Diegetic and non-diegetic elements in the film helps enhance the characters emotions. The sound effects used when gunshots were made by Carl, Gaear, and Wade enhanced the actions made by the character to add a dramatic effect. Background music also plays an important role. The song Big City by Merle Haggard was played when Jerry traveled to Fargo for the first time to meet Carl and Gaear, and the song Lets Find Each Other Tonight was played when Carl and Gaear were escorted by the two girls at the bar (Fargo (film).) The music and titles help perceive the characters feelings and emotions, as well as being about to better describe the situation they are in. The narrative design in the beginning of the film was a bit unusual, with the confusion of the protagonist and antagonist. This twist allows the audience to see a radical change in the characters and to fully understand the characters roles. This way of narrative design also allows the viewers to understand the theme that people are not always what they seem, just as how the character Jerry was not who he seemed to be.

Pronouncing the Difficult Consonants of Spanish

Pronouncing the Difficult Consonants of Spanish While many of the Spanish consonants have sounds that are similar to those in English, many are distinctly different and have become the bane of many a Spanish student. Persons learning Spanish who see a familiar letter are tempted to give it the pronunciation they already know- but more often than not that wont get it exactly right. Even though Spanish is highly phonetic, some letters have more than one pronunciation, and still others are simply different than what might be expected. Consonants With More Than One Sound C, at least in most of Latin America, is pronounced like the c in cereal when it comes before an e or an i, and like the c in car when it is other positions. Examples: complacer, hacer, cido, carro, acabar, crimen. Note: Although you will be understood if you use the Latin American pronunciation, in parts of Spain the c sounds like the th in thin when it comes before an e or i. Learn more details in the lesson on pronouncing the C. D generally is pronounced somewhat like the d in diet, although often the tongue touches the bottom of the teeth instead of the top. But when d comes between vowels, it has a much softer sound, kind of like the th in that. Examples: derecho, helado, diablo. See our lesson on pronouncing the  D for more details. G is pronounced much like the English g in go, although softer, except when it precedes an i or e. In those cases, it is pronounced like the Spanish j. Examples: gordo, gritar, gigante, mgico. See the lesson on pronouncing the  G. N usually has the sound of the n in nice. If it is followed by a b, v, f or p, it has the sound of m in empathy. Examples: no, en, en vez de, andar. Learn more in our lesson on the  N. X varies in sound, depending on the origin of the word. It is often pronounced like the x in example or exit, but it also may be pronounced like the s or the Spanish j. In words of Mayan origin it can even have the English sh sound. Examples: à ©xito, experiencia, Mà ©xico, Xela. See also our explanation of the Spanish  X. Consonants That Markedly Differ from English B and V are pronounced exactly the same. In fact, one of the few spelling problems that many Spanish speakers have is with these two letters, because they dont distinguish them at all from their sound. Generally, the b and v are pronounced like the b in beach. When either of the letters is between two vowels, the sound is formed kind of like the English v, except that the sound is made by touching the lips together instead of the upper teeth and lower lip. See our lesson on pronouncing the B and V for more details and a brief audio lesson. H is always silent. Examples: hermano, hacer, deshacer. See also the lesson on the silent H. J (and the g when before an e or i) can be difficult, as its sound, that of the German ch, is absent in English except for a few foreign words where it is sometimes retained, as in the final sound of loch or the initial sound of Channukah. The sound is sometimes described as a heavily aspirated h, made by expelling air between the back of the tongue and the soft palate. If you cant pronounce it well, youll be understood by using the h sound of house, but its worthwhile to work on the correct pronunciation. Examples: garaje, juego, jardà ­n. See the lesson on pronouncing the J. L is always pronounced like the first l in little, never like the second one. Examples: los, helado, pastel. See the lesson on pronouncing the L. LL (once considered a separate letter) is usually pronounced like the y in yellow. There are some regional variations, however. In parts of Spain it has the sound of the ll in million, and in parts of Argentina it has the zh sound of azure. Examples: llama, calle, Hermosillo. See the lesson on pronouncing the LL. Ñ is pronounced like the ny in canyon. Examples: à ±oà ±o, caà ±Ãƒ ³n, campaà ±a. See the lesson on pronouncing the Ñ. R and RR are formed by a flap of the tongue against the roof of the mouth, or a trill. See the R and RR how to guides for these letters. Z generally sounds like the s in simple. In Spain it is often pronounced like the th in thin. Examples: zeta, zorro, vez. See our lesson on pronouncing the C and Z.

Why It Is Harder to Rinse Off Soap With Soft Water

Why It Is Harder to Rinse Off Soap With Soft Water Do you have hard water? If you do, you may have a water softener to help protect your plumbing from scale buildup, prevent soap scum, and lessen the amount of soap and detergent needed for cleaning. Youve probably heard that cleaners work better in soft water than in hard water, but does that mean you will feel cleaner if you bathe in soft water? Actually, no. Rinsing in soft water may leave you feeling a little slippery and soapy, even after a thorough rinsing. Why? The answer lies in understanding the chemistry of soft water and soap. The Hard Facts of Hard Water Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions. Water softeners remove those ions by exchanging them for sodium or potassium ions. Two factors contribute to that slippery-when-wet feeling you get after soaping up with soft water. First, soap lathers better in soft water than in hard water, so its easy to use too much. The more dissolved soap there is, the more water you need to rinse it away. Second, the ions in softened water lessen its ability to stick to the soap molecules, making it more difficult to rinse the cleanser off your body. Chemical Reaction The reaction between a triglyceride molecule (fat) and sodium hydroxide (lye) to make soap yields a molecule of glycerol with three ionically bonded molecules of sodium stearate (the soap part of soap). This sodium salt will give up the sodium ion to water, while the stearate ion will precipitate out of solution if it comes into contact with an ion that binds it more strongly than sodium (such as the magnesium or calcium in hard water). The magnesium stearate or calcium stearate is a waxy solid that you know as soap scum. It can form a ring in your tub, but it rinses off your body. The sodium or potassium in soft water makes it much more unfavorable for the sodium stearate to give up its sodium ion so that it can form an insoluble compound and get rinsed away. Instead, the stearate clings to the slightly charged surface of your skin. Essentially, soap would rather stick to you than get rinsed away in soft water. Addressing the Problem There are a few ways you can address the problem: You can use less soap, try a synthetic liquid body wash (synthetic detergent or syndet), or rinse with naturally soft water or rainwater, which probably wont contain elevated levels of sodium or potassium.

What, if, any are the logical fallacies inherent in current australian Essay

What, if, any are the logical fallacies inherent in current australian law which permits company directors and officers to evade liability using asset protectio - Essay Example may arise out of past transactions or events, the settling of which may involve in transferring and usage of one’s assets, providing services or other economic benefits. A liability is not necessarily legally enforceable, but most probably will be based on equable or constructive obligations in terms of future projects or transactions. Asset protection, on the other hand, denotes immunity from asset liability. This may be called as protecting one’s property from legal or monetary claims, problems and taxes during life and even after death of the asset â€Å"owner†. It is a form of financial â€Å"self-defense† which places one’s assets beyond reach of the creditors. Traditionally, there have been two major strategies employed to protect personal assets, namely, gifting and the use of trusts Asset protection, though legally justified in terms of its owners, is not morally rationalized when viewed on behalf of the creditors. Asset protection, thus, is a method, by which an individual or an entity, protect their assets, through procedures such as having layers of multiple entities by which the actual perpetuator always remains anonymous, and therefore, unaccountable, for their assets, or by having trusts and insurances. This article aims at identifying and zeroing in upon the logical fallacies and loopholes in the current system of asset liability and asset protection in Australia, if any, and the reforms necessary to correct the same. It has now become almost an undeniable reality that one will be sued for something or the other during his/her lifetime. And in most cases, this type of lawsuit involves asset liabilities. Asset protection has thus become a necessity. Asset protection is no longer a luxury to be afforded to the very rich.   It has become a necessity for upper middle class and even middle class.  Ã‚  Simply put, asset protection devices are strategies and legal structures designed to put one’s assets out of reach of creditors and business

Nursing Shortage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nursing Shortage - Essay Example he trend of nursing shortage in the United States of America, forecasts suggests that the situation is only going to worsen unless steps to arrest the decline in the attractiveness of the nursing profession and reduced the stress on nursing professionals are taken on an urgent basis (Buerhas, Donelan, Ulrich, Norman & Dittus, 2005). The nursing shortage in the United States of America is a matter of serious concern, for according to Shirey, 2006, the United States of America is in the midst of one of the most crippling nursing shortages in its history, with the projections of this shortfall in nursing to rise to twenty percent of the demand for nursing professionals by 2020, which in sheer numbers means that there will be a shortfall of as many as 800,000 registered nurses, which is a staggering figure. These figures on the shortage of nurses experienced in every area of nursing care requirement is bound to rise given that nearly sixty percent of the current nursing professionals may retire by 2009. The possibility of the shortfall in nursing professionals being made good through new registered nurses (RN) coming through the education programs for nursing in Iowa is dismal given that the admissions to the nursing programs in Iowa have been dropping rapidly for more than a decade. This is the grim reality of the nursing shortage in Iowa (Nursing Shortage Fact Sheet). The shortage of nurses in Iowa has implications on health care in Iowa. For the healthcare sector it means that the quality of health care provided to healthcare seekers in Iowa is likely to be deficient, affecting the standards of health care in Iowa. To the medical professionals the shortage of nursing implies that some of the functions in providing treatment and management of diseases normally handed over to nursing professionals will shift to them increasing their workload. To the citizens of Iowa the shortage of nurses means that there will be nursing care will not measure up to their

The AG Corps Force Development Update Essay Example for Free

The AG Corps Force Development Update Essay The US Army will undergo massive transformation in terms of modular structure of the war battalion units and the brigade; the Army transformation involves radical augmentation from its Cold War Division (15,000 soldiers) to the Brigade Combat Teams ( 4,000) soldiers and modular multifunctional Support Brigades and sectioning of the fixed headquarters to head Corps/Division and supporting Theater. Such changes will ensure continuity and adherence to the tenets of versatility, flexibility and scalability across the Army as adaptive tactics to the changes in military strategic environment correlated to the current Global War on terrorism, insurgencies in Iraq and adjustment on human resource department (Gallasie, 2008). The introduction of a new tactical transformation in the HR divisiona sophisticated and advance Brigade and Battalion sectionprovides an efficient operations and manning system under Army HRC. In a holistic view, the former organizationsPERSCOM, Personnel Services Battalion and Personnel Detachmentswill be restructured to new unitsthe Human Resource Support Center (HRSC), the Reception, Replacement, Return to Duty, Rest and Recuperation and Redeployment (R5) Team, Platoon and Company Plans and Operations Team, the Casualty Platoon, the Postal Platoon and the Company Plans and Operations Team, the Human Resource (HR) Company Headquarters, the Theater Opening R5 Team, the Military Mail Terminal (MMT) Team, and the discrete BCT/BDE and BN S1 sections (Gallasie 2008). Joint forces between Active Units S1 Section and Army HRC, mandated by Personnel Services Delivery Redesign (PSDR), will organize the existing manning system and personnel management which will include the following plan of action: (1) document the entire S1 section into a single discrete paragraph within all Brigade, HHC MTOE, and recoding Battalion S1 positions as 42-B; (2) new organization previously mentioned above will perform Theater level HR support to the modular Forces; and (3) implementation in the four phases will commenced at the end of FY08 (Gallasie, 2008). The HRSC supports the theater with HR support as directed by the theater and provides oversight of all casualties reporting within the theater of operations and provides technical support to the Postal, R5 and Casualty units as well as providing personnel guidance to G1s and S1s as needed. When requested by the theater commander based on METTTC requirements, the HRSC may deploy to the theater of operations depending upon the population supported. The HRSC support postal, R5, and personnel information flow but does play a direct role in the execution of functions unless otherwise directed by the theater G1. The Casualty Operation Division performs the theater casualty reporting mission, collecting all the casualty reports for the theater and sending to HRC. The HRSC receives technical guidance from HRC and operating guidance from the theater G1. The HRSC is designed with two deployable teams in each division so that the teams representing each function are available to augment other theater-level staff (Gallasie, 2008). The sophistication of the Modular Joint Expeditionary Army provides organization, manning system, equipment, and training to the former battalion organization of the US Army. It is noted that Human Resources Redesign did not actually allocate it’s system of command and troops but rather it arranged it in a manner that it encourages specificity in terms of duties and military work within each newly formed military units. Additionally, military hierarchy was more pronounced which lends continuity to the entire military force. According to Gallasie (2008) such ‘transformation’ will make the US Army ‘more strategically responsive, deployable, agile, versatile, lethal, survivable, and sustainable across the full spectrum of military operations’. He also added that the modularity will provide capabilities to the BCD/BDE Commanders to execute essential personnel services and strength management with organic assets while redesigning and improving theater-level support for postal, R5 and casualty support to the Modular Forces. The structure of the latter create an efficient network connectivity for the tailoring of minimal force structure which will have its advantages in terms of geographic dispersion of combat power along different points of terrorist zones. The concept of the Modular Forces is clearit aims to establish visibility and connectivity between its commands and the component troops. Pilot testing at Fort Campbell revealed some of the several ‘shortfalls’ to the changesadditional workload for the civilians, joint and multinational forces, emergency leave, RR return to duty, reception and other associated problems on replacement, accounting and integration (in AG Corps FDU 05-2 Human Resource Transformation Concept Paper). As Gallasie points out in the article The AG Force Development Update, the personnel transformation is not for changed alone but is a regiment adaptation to the concurrent needs of reducing terrorist acts. While it is true that such sophistication may provide for a more efficient and visible manning system especially during deployment in different geographical locations in terrorism hotspots, a bigger question that we had to acknowledge is how the US Army will deliver the radical changes to the military troops and the time and cost efficiency involve in the HR changes. Will the AG Force Development sustain its objective or will the change give a ruckus to the army administration which will aggravate the problem? Note that terrorism is an ongoing problem and such resolution in the midst of crisis can create potential confusion to the overall administration and likewise its components. This is not to say that the new concept on Personnel transformation is a bad idea. Moreover, the timing for the execution of the concept and its’ immediacy may not be fitting for the current global crisis. Before execution there should be a review on the personnel impact and how the military administration address the problems and the pitfalls associated with such changes. Additionally, there should also be a review on the military technologies and the weaponry involved if such transformation where to take place. Also, ‘support’ extended should be analyzed not only on the basis of HRSC support but other issues as well such as pay and just compensation for services rendered and compensatory damages in case of accidents. Other important points to consider is how the regiment addresses the health and psychological problems associated during deployment to terrorist hotspots. The AG Corps Force Development is far from perfect but given the right adjustment and resolving the loopholes it may provide for a good change in the US Army. Reference Gallasie, D. The AG Corps Force Development Update. The Journal of the Adjutant General Corps Regimental Association, Winter 2005-2006, 23-24.

Pride Essay -- essays research papers

Pride   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The word pride in itself isn’t an important word but it’s meaning implies many things. There are several different definitions for pride. Pride can be referred to as a type of plant, a form of body ornamentation, or even a group of lions. The most commonly used definition of pride is being proud, or having a feeling of great accomplishment and feeling self-satisfaction. The word pride both positive and negative meanings that can be seen throughout history. In 1297AD, pride was described as â€Å"A consciousness or feeling of what is befitting or due to oneself or one's position, which prevents a person from doing what he considers to be beneath him or unworthy of him; esp. as a good quality, legitimate, ‘honest’, or ‘proper pride’, self-respect; also as a mistaken or misapplied feeling, ‘false pride’† (OED 4). This type of pride is personal pride and the image a person must maintain to keep it. A person cannot allow them self to act in such a way that would be demeaning. An example of this would be a drill sergeant getting down with his recruits and performing the same demeaning drills as they are. The sergeant’s years of hard work and service would not be taken seriously if he were to lower himself to the level of their recruits therefore lowering his sense of pride. Too much pride can lead to conceit or what we commonly call a big head. By 1340 AD, pride was comparable to arrogance. (OED 1) Later during the Middle Ages there were seven...

Causation and Effectuation Theory

As Sara D. Scratchy states: â€Å"Causation processes take a reticular effect as given and focus on selecting between means to create that effect. † The underlying assumption in this theory is that if one can predict the future, it can be controlled. Causation focuses on using different means In order to achieve an agreed upon goal. Lets look at a simple example to clarify the notion. A chef In a kitchen wants to prepare a meal. HIS first step Is to contact the clients, and ask them what they want to eat.From there, he goes to the shop and buys the necessary Ingredients to complete his menu. This qualifies as causation, as the chef begins with the final dish in mind, ND later decides which ingredients are necessary to make the desired meal. The example simplifies the causation theory. Indeed, under this notion, entrepreneurs envision a clear notion of the outcome they want to achieve, and from there, take necessary measures to achieve this goal. Thus, causation involves a grea t amount of time and research in order to come out with realistic outcomes and expectations for the project.Entrepreneurs start with the big picture of the project, and then take their decisions progressively on all the details of their venture, In order to attain their ultimate goal. The theory of causation requires some detail in order to be applied. Along with having set a specific goal, alternative means need to be established. The means of this process may be applied within three different levels: on a personal level, at the organization's level, or at the economy's level.On a personal level, managers are knowledgeable of their own traits, characteristics, as well as the social networks that they can access and use. At the organization's level, the means represent the physical resources one has at his disposal. These encompass human, technological, and uncial resources. Lastly, at the economic level, the means of the causation theory include, among others, demographic and socio political institutions. Another detail needing to be considered when applying the causation theory Is the constraints facing the means being applied.These Involve any limitations one can encounter while trying to apply the means to get to the goal. Limitations might Include Atlanta constraints, sun as Educate, or unman resources constraints, sun as a lack of personnel. The last detail needing to be considered is the criteria used to hose a set of means over another. This last detail is influenced by how good the outcome will actually be. Indeed, every entrepreneur and manager tries to maximize revenues and profits at all times and thus, at every stage of the causation theory. Causation deals with both pros and cons.First, the theory analyzes into detail every possibility to a venture, and requires the decision-maker to focus on every aspect of it. This analysis proves to be excellent in exploiting knowledge and reaching the best decision according to the acquired understanding. More over, causation implies that he future is controlled, given the goal is to achieve an already set and agreed-upon objective. Therefore, the theory of causation is very effective in terms of static, linear and rather stable environments. The fixed goal leaves is little room for adaptation and changes.Thus, the causation theory is more applicable for existing markets. Indeed, entrepreneurs wishing to enter a business have the sources, along with the necessary information that is required to analyze and assess the desired goal, as well as the means necessary to acquire that goal. Indeed, when the entrepreneur knows receives what firm he or she wants to create, rather than Just having a general idea of what he or she wishes to achieve, such as making a lot of money, the entrepreneur can look at these existing markets to determine the outcome that is likely to be attained, and come out with a realistic objective.In a nutshell, causation rests on the logic of prediction, expected returns, a competitive analysis, the exploitation of preexisting knowledge, and the prediction of an uncertain future. Effectuation is another process through which firms are created. The word effectuate symbolizes the action of putting into force or operation. The word effectuation reminds us of the process of causing something to happen. In Economics, the effectuation process is the alternative to the causation process. Contrarily to causation, effectuation is actor dependent.It focuses on the aspect of controlling the future rather than predicting it. The underlying assumption under the effectuation theory is that, if one can control the future, it does not need to be predicted. Thus, this theory focuses on how to exploit the available contingencies in order to control an unpredictable future. Rather moving inwards like the causation theory does, the effectuation theory moves outward. Indeed, entrepreneurs and managers exploit the contingencies they have available at hand, and try to cre ate an outcome within these available means.Instead of looking at the result wanted and then choosing the means to achieve them, they focus on what is available at the moment and concentrate on how to exploit these channels. Looking Deck at our cent example, IT en were to De slung ten effectuation process, ten chef would first look at what is available in the kitchen cupboard. From what is deadly available, he would create a menu that he would then present to his customers. Thus, the contingencies are the ingredients and instruments available in the kitchen, and the possible outcomes are any dishes that are able to be prepared with these available contingencies.Indeed, as Sara Scratchy would explain, ;effectuation processes take a set of means as given and focus on selecting between possible effects that can be created with that set of means† (Scratchy, 2001). Effectuation process rejects the rational and goal oriented thinking which follows the causation process. Indeed, the effectuation theory leaves room for flexibility and creativity. When using this process, entrepreneurs are required to come up with solutions according to the available means, which can prove to be a very difficult process, as it requires a great deal of creativity.The set of means used within the effectuation theory are the same used in the causation theory; personal means(who the person is), organizational means(human resources, financial resources), and economic means(demographic). The effectuation process starts with a course, possible effects conceivable through he various resources of these means, constraints on these possible effects, and ultimately the criteria for selecting between the various potential outcomes.Under the effectuation theory, given the future is highly unpredictable, entrepreneurs and managers look at the most affordable loss that the chosen effect will lead to. This opens up the notion of risk, which is essential to the effectuation theory. To be sure, whi le the causation theory focuses on maximizing profits, the effectuation theory chooses to concentrate on the effects that will lead to the most affordable loss. Effectual thinkers emphasize worst-case situations.The effectuation theory is most efficient when used in highly unstable environments and nonexistent markets. In such uncertain environments, the effectual thinkers have the ability of adapting and creating the best venture for the given environment. It is also better to use this process when the entrepreneur only has a general idea of where he wants to go. Thus, effectuation processes focus on affordable loss, strategic alliances, exploitation of contingencies and controlling an unpredictable future.

Pen and Paper

Many people believe that formal â€Å"pen and paper† examinations are not the best method of assessing educational achievement.Discuss this view and give your own opinion.achievement ? improvement Schooling development is becoming increasingly popular and prominent as well as education improvement is (the improvement of education representing) (N+N) an essential stage for any countries(country) which seeking to develop itself. Number of people (A considerable number of people ) think that using a pen and paper in examinations are(is) not the best way of appreciation education achievement(means by which to appreciate educational achievement) .Opponents regards(regard) that using(the use of) classic formal (pen and paper)examinations are(as being)(( the best manner of assessing education development (by which to assess educational development). This essay will discuss these tow (two) views in terms of the technological field and the traditional field .On the one hand , there is no justification for using traditional examinations in the presence (the face of the expansion) of technology . By(The use of) technological tools and programs becomes processing a data (makes data processing) after the test very(highly) comfortable and easy (straightforward). In addition , it can be use the information(the information can be used) to discover things(examine issues) such as the discovery of common mistakes , finding the most difficult questions and many more(so on) . Furthermore , it is really easy to correct examinations after the exams(subsequent to being sat) , as well as do not take a long(taking less) time to finish all it (such corrections). For example , the TCExam is an electronic tasting(testing) program which(for) making a exams and (that) it can correct 100 exams for (in) less than one minute . Because of technology , it could say (be said that) we do not use traditional exams are no longer needed.On the other hand , classic exams could reinforce a saving words(the retention of information) in the human memory rather(better) than any(other) method . For instance , According(according) to statistics , when the learner use writing(writes information) by hand , prevent forget words(they forget)30% for the (less of the information than a )person using a computer . Moreover , using a pen and paper in a formal are(setting allows for a) very straightforward examinations . When(When) are decided(deciding) to using(use) a traditional exams technique , there is only a need to (for) papers and pens , unlike technological exams which need to(a) complete set of equipment . and accurate . As a result , using(the use of a) formal (pen and paper) examination can represent a substantial element in education(educational) development .In conclusion , it might not be possible to cover all the aspects of this issue . However , this essay has focused only on the technological field and traditional fields . The most important points that have mentioned are that there is no justification for using traditional examinations in the presence of technology , and (whilst )using a pen and paper formal are(allows for a) very straightforward examinations . Finally , it can be said that using technological exams most likely represents the best way of assessing education(educational) achievement .

How employer branding will help you hire the best and the brightest

How employer branding will help you hire the best and the brightest Most companies today are keenly aware of the strategic importance of having a well-developed, clearly defined, and easily identifiable company brand and industry-differentiating brand strategy (if they’re not, they likely won’t be around for long anyway. But how much time does you and your organization devote to focusing on employer branding?Chances are, the answer is not nearly enough, and you might not even be fully aware of how it’s impacting talent recruitment and retention in your company. The truth is, company branding is just one side of the branding coin- your team should also have an employer branding strategy that helps you attract and keep top-tier talent in your industry.Essentially, employer branding refers to how your company is viewed as a potential employer. It goes a long way towards ensuring that you have a steady supply of passive and active candidate talent in your HR pipeline at all times, which is mission critical when you have key open posi tions in your company and when you’re pursuing aggressive growth or new initiatives that require staffing changes.A positive employer brand is often a key determinant when a potential candidate is deciding whether or not to consider joining your team. If your industry is crowded with aggressive companies that are clamoring for top talent, what makes your company an attractive option? How does your organization stand out from and rise above the industry traffic and noise? What is your current employer brand like, and how do you envision its growth and evolution?Confronting these questions should be a top priority for your HR department if it’s serious about impactful employer brand development. Not only will it make your team’s recruitment strategies more fruitful and effective, it will also help your team do more with less by freeing up time and resources normally spent on pursuing potential candidates and clumsy recruitment advertising- having an effective empl oyer brand means candidates will seek you out for opportunities, not vice versa.hbspt.cta.load(2785852, '9e52c197-5b5b-45e6-af34-d56403f973c5', {});Now that you’re keenly aware of the importance and value of employer branding, consider using the following strategies for developing your company’s brand.Define your purposeFor many companies effective employer branding starts at its mission statement, which encapsulates what your company believes in and is striving towards achieving. It then builds from there. Today’s job candidates care about more than salaries and perks- they want to know that the goals and beliefs of the companies they choose to work for and devote their time to align with their own. Make sure that your company shares its mission and values loud and proud, and that they’re well-known throughout the industry and clearly defined for prospective employees whenever a job posting is made available. Make sure it’s both meaningful and imp actful, and that it passes the jargon detectors- today’s candidates are too savvy to fall for half-baked and half-hearted mission statements filled with hollow corporate-speak.Mean what you sayYour company needs to demonstrate that it actually upholds the values it says it believes in. An effective employer brand not only has a strong and clear message, it’s also backed up by actual proof. Does your company espouse effusive support of a specific charitable cause or environmental initiative for example? If so, back it up with actual proof that you’re making a difference, and it will really resonate across your industry and with potential employees who believe in those causes. Remember, we’re living in a visual information age, so videos and photos of your efforts on your website and across social media will have a real impact.Make community a priorityToday’s job candidates don’t want to join a faceless corporate monolith and simply clock in e ach day to earn a paycheck. The truth is, we’re spending more raw hours working than ever before. Most of us want to devote that time to a company that believes in being inclusive and fostering a sense of real community. Make sure that it’s apparent that this is a priority for your organization across all outward-facing resources- from websites to social media and everything in-between.Show that you’re listeningAn effective employer brand is not a static â€Å"one a done† effort. In truth, it’s much more like a living thing- it learns, grows, and evolves as times change, cultures shift, and industry norms progress. This means listening to what others have to say about your company; responding to positive praise, negative thoughts, and constructive criticism; and using this valuable feedback to constantly improve.Make sure your brand never gathers dust or becomes known as the â€Å"stodgy dinosaur† in your industry. Today’s top talent, particularly younger recruits, tend to seek out progressive, industry-leading companies that care about what they have to say and embrace cutting-edge growth and meaningful change. Bottom line: make sure your brand perspective is that of a company that listens in an effort to lead the way in its industry, not one that’s fumbling and struggling just to keep up.Value your employeesCandidates want to know that if and when they join your team, they’ll be valued members of your organization and will continue to be important and valued over time. Your Employee Value Proposition (EVP; the combination of policies, programs, and benefits that you offer to those who join your team) should be a key component of your employer branding strategy and should be clear to potential candidates at all stages of your HR pipeline.Are you ready to focus on taking your company’s employer brand to the next level in an effort to recruit and retain the very best available talent? Use the advice and strategies presented here to make effective branding changes that will have a positive impact across your organization. Good luck!

Constructing an Inductive Theory in Sociology

Constructing an Inductive Theory in Sociology There are two approaches to constructing a theory: inductive theory construction and deductive theory construction. Inductive theory construction takes place during inductive research in which the researcher first observes aspects of social life and then seeks to discover patterns that may point to relatively universal principles. Field research, in which the researcher observes the events as they take place, is often used to develop inductive theories. Erving Goffman is one social scientist that is known for using field research to uncover rules of many diverse behaviors, including living in a mental institution and managing the â€Å"spoiled identity† of being disfigured. His research is an excellent example of using field research as a source of inductive theory construction, which is also commonly referred to as grounded theory. Developing an inductive, or grounded, theory generally follows the following steps: Research design: Define your research questions and the main concepts and variables involved.Data collection: Collect data for your study using any of the various methods (field research, interviews, surveys, etc.)Data ordering: Arrange your data chronologically to facilitate easier data analysis and examination of processes.Data analysis: Analyze your data using methods of your choosing to look for patterns, connections, and significant findings.Theory construction: Using the patterns and findings from your data analysis, develop a theory about what you discovered.Literature comparison: Compare your emerging theory with the existing literature. Are there conflicting frameworks, similar frameworks, etc.? References Babbie, E. (2001). The Practice of Social Research: 9th Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson.

Discovering Computer Dc 2005 (Website) scsite.com dc2005 Essay

Discovering Computer Dc 2005 (Website) scsite.com dc2005 - Essay Example The pages load quickly, making it ideal for time-conscious people. Their menu lists exactly what departments they have, and all the pictures shown display exactly what they have - there are no questions what they do not have since departments break everything up, and they only have four categories. The Campus virtual interview was informative, and gave me some things to look at when I interview. I went through it twice - once with the answers I would give, and the second time to give answers that were the complete opposite. I have to work on how confident I sound, how to rephrase certain skill levels, and how to focus on what direction I would like to take my career. There were ones that repeated a couple of times one was about criticism. The one I found difficult was leadership and management. While I haven't really had title of manager, there have been skills I have obtained which would make me a good mangaer. Leadership means different things to people/companies, and to answer that effectively for the company I am interviewing at, I would have to ask them for their definitions. One tip I found interesting and helpful was people always have to improve their skill level no matter what industry they are in.

The African American Male and the Prison Industrial Complex Assignment

The African American Male and the Prison Industrial Complex - Assignment Example This essay declares that regardless of the political affiliation of a given politician, one of the very last things that he/she wants is to appear weak on crime to the electorate. Accordingly, politicians are perpetually pushing for stiffer and more draconian sentencing for even non-violent first time offenses. This self-perpetuating cycle of greater and greater numbers of incarcerated person, stricter laws, as well as corporate interests in the ever expansive and privatized role of correctional institutions in the United States bears witness to the failed policies of the War on Drugs and the War on Crime which date back to the early 1970’s. As the report highlights interestingly enough, most Americans are unaware that the actual crime rate of the United States has actually been diminishing for over 20 years now. This is striking information when compared with the following: â€Å"Today’s 2 million prisoners (not counting the 5 million who are under supervision of the criminal justice system) represent a prison and jail system ten times larger than that which existed in the United States a mere twenty-nine years ago. War on crime is not rooted in rising crime rates but is rather the result of the rise in public’s concern over crime, which has been wrought not by the criminals in the real world but by the images of the criminals who now break into our living rooms nightly through the window of the television.

Religion in The Lord of the Rings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Religion in The Lord of the Rings - Essay Example J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings has always been a highly regarded book among fans and critics alike, but when it was made into a movie trilogy it became a cultural phenomenon. The themes in The Lord of the Rings are powerful and universal in their nature and although religion is not explicitly mentioned, religious undertones can be observed throughout both the book and the movie. Urang agrees when he states, â€Å"The Lord of the Rings, although it contains no ‘God’, no ‘Christ’, and no ‘Christians’, embodies much of Tolkien’s ‘real religion’ and is a profoundly a Christian work† (180). Perhaps the success of The Lord of the Rings as a religious medium is due to the fact that it is subtle in its Christian themes and isn’t what one might call a â€Å"preachy† Christian book. One theme that we find throughout The Lord of the Rings is the longing that many of the characters have to return to a former age where the world was a better and happier place. For instance, Gimli longs to see the former glory of the home of his ancestors. The elves also long for a return to the Elder Days before evil and darkness came into the world. Basically, there is an overall tone that the world is in a â€Å"fallen state.†... Because Christians believe the world is in a broken and evil state, there is a need for someone to rise up and save the world from permanent darkness and despair. Three characters in the Lord of the Rings who fit this â€Å"Savior† role are Gandalf, Aragorn, and Frodo. Gandalf is very God-like and is similar to Jesus. When he falls in Moria, he descends to the lowest parts of the earth. He then has a great struggle with an evil foe. When he defeats the Balrog, he is at the peak of a mountain. Later, he is transformed and becomes Gandalf the White. Similarly, as the Bible says, Jesus Christ descended below all things so that he could rise above all things. After he ascended to heaven he returned to earth as a resurrected and exalted being. Gandalf is also Christ-like in that he guides and counsels Frodo and other members of the fellowship along their journey. Similarly, Christians believe that Christ is always with us, guiding and counseling with us in our own lives. As Frodo s ays in the movie, The Fellowship of the Ring, â€Å"I will take the ring to Mordor, though I do not know the way.† To which Gandalf responds, â€Å"I will help you bear this burden† (2001). Christians believe that Christ does something similar when we choose to embark on a worthy task; he bears our burdens for us so the journey is not so difficult. Another instance where Gandalf shows Christ-like attributes is when he casts out the presence of Saruman from the King, Theoden. This is similar to the Bible when Christ displays his ability to cast out devils. After Gandalf casts off Saruman’s influence, Theoden is healed and his mind is cleared. Christ is also a great healer and restores people to their proper selves. Aragorn possesses

Beam Adaptive Algorithms For Smart Antennas Computer Science Essay

Beam Adaptive Algorithms For Smart Antennas Computer Science Essay Smart antennas employed in space division multiple access systems can cater the high demand in terms of capacity in mobile applications without further increase in radio frequency spectrum allocation. Furthermore, smart antennas provide better quality of service (QoS) and better coverage. Therefore, beam adaptive algorithms used in smart antenna systems are of great interests. 1.2 Project Aims The project aim is to study and understand the adaptive algorithms for beamforming for Smart Antenna Systems and to develop research skills, by reading research papers and journal papers related to the topic. Moreover, to produce the technical draft that contains the analysis, results and discussion of several adaptive algorithms employed in Smart Antenna Systems. The research work conducted and a simulation will provide the better understanding of the subject and can be a possible contribution to the existing work. 1.3 Project Objectives The project objective is to attempt systematic comparison of the performance of different Adaptive Algorithms for beamforming for Smart Antenna System. The algorithms that will be under investigation in this project will be training sequence algorithms like Recursive Least Squares (RLS) and Least Mean Squares (LMS), and Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA). Simulations will be done to find out which algorithms are best for beamforming i.e. to form main lobes towards desired user and for convergence rate. The comparison of algorithms will be made on the basis of formation of main lobe and the convergence rate. The effect of jammers in algorithms will also be studied. 1.4 Project Outcomes The outcome of the project is come up with simulation software that will calculate the parameters of Smart Antenna and tell us which algorithm performs better in a particular situation. Moreover to prepare a research report that contains critical analysis different beam adaptive algorithms. 1.5 Structure of the report The first chapter of the final report is the Introduction which describes the motivation for research, project aims and objectives. The second chapter is the Literature review. The overview of recent work conducted in this domain and the brief summary of several research papers studied for conducting this research has been presented. Reading list is appended in the references section. Third chapter is the introduction to antennas and smart antennas. The fundamentals parameters of antennas and smart antennas are briefly described. Fourth chapter is on smart antenna system. Types of smart antennas and their comparison are done in detail. In fifth chapter description about the signal processing algorithms is presented. Lastly given are the results and conclusion. Chapter 2: Literature Review Smart antenna is the most efficient leading innovation for maximum capacity and improved quality and coverage [1]. They can adapt to varying traffic requirements dynamically. Smart antennas radiate narrow beam to serve different users and are normally employed at base stations. The complex weight computations that are based on different criteria are integrated in the signal processor in the form of software algorithms [3]. Due to the rapid growing demand in mobile applications not only for capacity but for high quality of service (QoS) and better coverage without increasing the radio frequency spectrum allocation the wireless systems that uses fixed antenna systems will no longer be in use [3] discuss the need for smart antennas in space division multiple access systems. The article focused on adaptive beam forming approach based on smart antennas the adaptive algorithms that are employed to compute the complex weight are discussed and LMS and RLS in particular. The fact that error c omputed from the filter at time n is used to provide the filter coefficient at time n+1 provides a nontraditional way to understand adaptive algorithms. [2] describe the approach of seeing classical adaptive algorithm like LMS, RLS, CMA, Decision directed) as recursive structures. [4] Explain the normalized least mean square (NLMS) algorithm for smart antenna system. The algorithm was implemented on the StarCore SC3400 DSP core and the performance was evaluated on MSC8144 DSP and the antenna coverage pattern was obtained and analyzed to find towards the desired signal source. With adaptive beamforming algorithm to name LMS for smart antenna the downlink multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multi-carrier code division multiple access system is proposed [5]. [1] Describes the sequential Studies of beamforming algorithms for smart antenna systems. 2.1 Scope of Smart Antennas Smart antennas assured to award the significant increment in the capacity of system and its performance in the wireless communication system [11]. Which will eventually lead into increase profits for the telecommunications companies and also a decline in blocked and dropped calls. Its been about 45 years Antenna was first used in applications related to radar communication in the form of fixed array. In later years many researches on antenna helped into smart antennas and tiled the way for their uses in commercial wireless systems [12]. These are the main reasons smart antennas got so much interest over the few years. At present the application of smart antennas are predominant at the mobile base stations due to compact area and processing power requirements [13]. Currently, a lot of research is going on the mobile terminal based smart antennas. In the coming future we can expect smart antenna skills to be present at the base station and mobile terminal too. Chapter 3: Introduction to Antennas and Smart Antenna 3.1 Antenna According to IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antenna, it is defined as a means for radiating or receiving radio waves. 3.2 Fundamental parameters of Antenna The fundamental parameters of Antenna are: Radiation pattern Radiation intensity Directive gain and directivity Power gain and Radiation efficiency Front to Back ratio Antenna beamwidth Antenna beam efficiency 3.2.1Radiation Pattern Radiation pattern show the angular variation of field strength. They are drawn at some distance r proportional to field intensity in the direction ÃŽÂ ¸ and à Ã¢â‚¬  . Normalized Field Pattern: It is obtained by dividing the field component by its maximum value. It is dimensionless. EÃŽÂ ¸(ÃŽÂ ¸,à Ã¢â‚¬  ) = EÃŽÂ ¸(ÃŽÂ ¸,à Ã¢â‚¬  ) / EÃŽÂ ¸(ÃŽÂ ¸,à Ã¢â‚¬  ) max Power Radiation Pattern: Power density Pd is defined as power flow per unit area and is given by: Pd(ÃŽÂ ¸,à Ã¢â‚¬  ) =1/2*[E (ÃŽÂ ¸,à Ã¢â‚¬  )] 2/ÃŽÂ ·0 Pattern may also be expressed in terms of power per unit solid angle .The normalized power pattern can also be expressed in terms of this parameter as the ratio of radiation intensity U(ÃŽÂ ¸,à Ã¢â‚¬  ) as function of angle to its max value. Pn(ÃŽÂ ¸,à Ã¢â‚¬  ) = Pd(ÃŽÂ ¸,à Ã¢â‚¬  ) / Pd max(ÃŽÂ ¸,à Ã¢â‚¬  ) The co-ordinates are ÃŽÂ ¸ and dB are used to draw the pattern and calculate by following relation: dB= 10log10Pn(ÃŽÂ ¸,à Ã¢â‚¬  ) 3.2.2 Radiation Intensity The power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle is called the radiation intensity U. 3.2.3 Directive Gain and Directivity For omnidirectional antenna: the power density at all the points on the surface of a sphere will be same. Pavg = Prad/4à Ã¢â€š ¬r2 The directive gain is defined as the ratio of the power density Pd(ÃŽÂ ¸,à Ã¢â‚¬  ) to the average power radiated. For isotropic antenna, the value of directive gain is unity. The directive gain can be defined as a measure of the concentration of the radiated power in a particular direction (ÃŽÂ ¸,à Ã¢â‚¬  ) . The ratio of the maximum power density to the average power radiated is called maximum directive gain or directivity of the antenna. GDmax = Pdmax/Pavg 3.2.4 Power Gain and Radiation efficiency The relation between input power and power radiated is given as: Prad=ÃŽÂ ·r Pin ÃŽÂ ·r=Prad/ Pin Pin=Prad +Ploss ÃŽÂ ·r=Prad/(Prad +Ploss) The power radiated and the ohmic power loss can be expressed in terms of r.m.s. current as: ÃŽÂ ·r=Rrad/(Rrad +Rloss) The ratio of the power radiated in a particular direction (ÃŽÂ ¸,à Ã¢â‚¬  ) to the actual power input to the antenna is called power gain of antenna. 3.2.5 Front to Back ratio (FBR) It is the ratio of the power radiated in the desired direction to the power radiated in the opposite direction. FBR = Power radiated in desired direction/Power radiated in opposite direction FBR depends on frequency of operation, spacing between antenna elements (inversely proportional) and electrical length of the parasitic elements of the antenna. FBR is an important consideration especially in receiving antennas 3.2.6 Antenna Beamwidth Antenna beamwidth is the measure of the directivity of the antenna. The antenna beamwidth is an angular width in degrees. It is measured on a radiation pattern on a major lobe. 3.2.7 Beam efficiency Total beam area ÃŽÂ ©A consists of the main beam area ÃŽÂ ©M plus the minor lobe area ÃŽÂ ©m. ÃŽÂ ©A= ÃŽÂ ©M+ ÃŽÂ ©m So Beam Efficiency is, M= ÃŽÂ ©M/ ÃŽÂ ©A Stray Factor: The ratio of minor lobe ÃŽÂ ©m area to the total beam area ÃŽÂ ©A is called stray factor. Em= ÃŽÂ ©m/ ÃŽÂ ©A EM + Em= 1 3.3 Smart Antenna The smart antenna is defined as an antenna array system that is supported by processing system that deals with the received and transmitted signal by the array using proper array algorithms to advance wireless system performance. [4] Numbers of distributive antenna elements are combined to make arrays of antennas called smart antenna. The different signals collected by individual antenna are calculated in such a manner that increases the signal strength of desired signal and reduces interference from other signals. [12] A smart antenna can be observed as a combination of antennas, whose transmitted or received signals are processed using smart algorithms. These smart algorithms make antenna work efficiently, and reliable in communication [13]. Main purpose of smart antenna is that the signal comes from the source hit the target in that way if the target is moving the antenna is such a smart and intelligent that it would change its direction according to the target movement and the main lobe of the antenna must be toward the target so that the maximum strength of the signal strikes the target. Mostly Smart antennas are being used in wireless communication systems to provide interference reduction and enhance user capacity and the data rates [6]. 3.4 Uses of Smart Antenna Smart antennas are considered useful in the wireless communication systems. The area coverage and the capacity of a system are increased by Smart antennas. Maximum data rate is increased by using smart antennas in multipath and diminish fading due to the terminating the component of multipath. One of its most useful applications is direction finding with the applications including emergency services and traffic monitoring [11]. In areas with less population, extended coverage is predominant in those areas than increased capacity. I such areas the gain provided by the antennas can extend the range covered by a cell and hence more users can communicate with less system capacity than any other typical antenna. It is used for the interference reduction and rejection as well. Finding the location of user will be a useful application of smart antenna, geo-locations of user and to make downlink beam forming easy [14]. Smart antennas are currently used in Radars, Radio astronomy and mostly used in cellular systems to keep the system speed equal with the number of increasing subscribers. It is also used in defense for safe communication purpose. 3.5CHARACTERISTICS OF SMART ANTENNA There are four main characteristics of smart antenna, DOA (direction of arrival) evaluation Beam forming, antenna diversity beam-width 3.5.1 DIRECTION OF ARRIVAL / ANGLE OF ARRIVAL A measure of the direction of the propagation of electro magnetic radiation upon arrival at a receiver; it is the angle between the plan of the phase front and some plan of reference, usually the horizontal, at the receiver antenna. [9] Direction of arrival indicates the direction from which usually a signal arrives at a point [3]. We can guess the direction of arrival of the signal by using different techniques like multiple signal classification. In this technique an algorithm is used to for frequency estimation and the location of emitter, matrix pencil method or their derivatives. [9] Usage Geodesic location or Geo-location of the cell phones is the main application of direction of arrival nowadays [9].Multiple base stations calculate the angle of arrival of the cell phone signal and this information is combined to locate the cell phone anywhere on the earth. It is generally used to locate the pirate or military radio transmission point. In submarines acoustics, angle of arrival is the method to localize objects with active and passive ranging [9]. 3.5.2 BEAM-FORMING Beam forming is a technique of digital signal processing and its is used for directional signal transmission or reception form the preferred signal direction as compared to some undesired direction [3]. It mean that the techniques which we used have the capability to make the radiation pattern of the antenna by constructive and destructive interference for reception and transmission and to accept moving beams in the direction of preferred signal and put nulls in the direction of interfering signals. This mean due to this co-channel and interference reduce and antenna gain is increased in the direction of desired signal [13]. Figure 3.1 These rebounds from different surfaces can set up time delays, attenuations, phase shifts, and distortions that can interfere with each other at the receiver end of the antenna. It can be set by the digital signal processing techniques used in smart antenna system [15]. 3.5.3 ANTENNA DIVERSITY Antenna diversity uses more then two antennas to develop the quality and dependability of a wireless link [3]. Specially in the areas where LOS is not clear between transmitter and receiver. Before reaching at the receiver end signal is reflected along several paths. This result in introducing phase shift, time delays, attenuation, and distortion which results in the interference between signal arriving before and after the particular signal [9].As two or more antennas receive several observations of the same signal they will calculate the most strengthen signal give the output. 3.5.4 BEAM-WIDTH It means the half-power beam-width [7]. The maximum radiation strength is found, and then the points on both side of the maximum, represent half power of the maximum strength are located. The distance between the half power points is known as the beam-width [16].Half of the power expressed in decibels is -3dB, so half power beam-width is often referred to as the 3dB beam-width. We considered both horizontal and vertical beam-widths. [6] 3.6 TYPES OF SMART ANTENNAS There are two major types of smart antenna switched beam smart antenna and adaptive array smart antenna. 3.6.1 SWITCHED BEAM SMART ANTENNA There are different permanent beam patterns presented in switched beam system. A decision is made as to which beam to be taken, at any given point in time, depend upon the necessities of the system [3]. 3.6.2 ADAPTIVE ARRAY SMART ANTENNA It allows the antenna to focus the beam to any direction of direction of desired signal continuously ignoring interfering signals. Beam direction can be estimated using the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation methods [3]. 3.7 ADVANTAGES For the most part smart antennas are employed at the base station in the mobile network to improve system capacity. Capacity means the number of the users that can be handled in a system. Using of Omni-directional antennas originate co-channel interference when two users use the same band of frequency that finally limits the user capacity in the system [8]. In case of smart antennas beams are focused towards the desired user minimize interference to other users using the same frequency band. 0: Figure 3.2 It helps against multipath fading noise which improves dependability of received signal. Reduced power consumption for cell phones, low probability of interception and detection improved location estimation and improved range of reception [1]. 3.8 DISADVANTAGE Most major disadvantages of smart antenna is in their design and completion in hardware. Multi RF chains can boost the price and make the transceiver bulkier [4]. Most of the devices in the making of a typical antenna used non-linear devices and using smart antenna also increases the components used. If not checked properly, this affects the performance of the antenna [15]. As the data bandwidth required for the digital signal processing increases with the number of antenna elements used. This can limit the data rate for different applications Chapter 4 SMART ANTENNA SYSTEM 4.1 INTRODUCTION Smart Antenna System is combination of multiple antennas which Transmit or Receive Signals using an Adaptation Algorithm [4]. A smart antenna system is combination of many antennas elements with a signal receiving and transmitting ability to optimize its radiation and reception pattern robotically in reaction to the signal environment [10]. 4.2 TYPES OF SMART ANTENNA SYSTEMS There are mainly two ways to implement antennas that dynamically change their antenna radiation pattern to minimize interference or multipath affects by increasing coverage area and range. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Switched beam: There are finite numbers of fixed patterns which are defined by the system (sectors) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Adaptive arrays: There are an infinite number of patterns (scenario-based) which are adjusted in real time The Switched beam approach is easy and simple then the adaptive approach. It increases the network capacity as compared to the usual Omni-directional antenna systems. In this technique, an antenna array produces over lapping beams that cover the neighboring area as in the figure [17]. When a signal is coming and detected, the base station determine the beam that is best associated in the signal-of-interest direction and then switch that beam toward the user for communication [6]. 0: Figure 4.1 [17] The Adaptive array system is efficient then the switched array technique [2]. A mobile user is tracked by this system constantly by routing the main beam towards the destination and at the same time sending no signal in the direction of interfering signals like switched beam. 0: Figure 4.2 [17] 4.2.1 SWITCHED BEAM SYSTEMS Switched beam antenna systems make many fixed beams with finely tuned sensitivity in particular directions [17]. These antenna systems detect strength of signal, choose one from numerous already determined, fixed beams, and switch his beam from one beam to another as the user moves during the sector [11]. The output of many antennas combine through Switched beam systems in such a way that it form finely directional beams with more selectivity than can be achieve with usual, single-element antenna technique. 4.2.1.1 WORKING In this type of adaptive approach in reality did not steer or scan the beam in the direction of the desired signal [17]. Switched beam use an antenna array which radiates a number of overlapping permanent beams covering a elected angular area. The directional beam leads to increase the factor of a frequency reuse in channel by decreasing possible interference and it also increases the range [14]. These antennas system not have a uniform gain in all directions but when they are compared to simple antenna system they have more gain or increased gain in the desired directions. The Switched beam antenna has a switching method that enables the system to select and then switch the desired beam which gives the best response for a mobile user. The selection is generally based on maximum received power for user [9]. 0: Figure 4.3 [3] A usual switched beam system for a base station consists of many antennas with each array covering a certain sector in cell. Take an example of switched beam-forming system below [7]. It consists of a phase shifting network, which forms many beams look in certain directions. The RF switch targets the correct beam in the direction of interest. The measurement for selecting of the correct beam is done by the control logic unit. The control logic unit is controlled by an algorithm which scans all the beams and then selects that beam which is strongest signal based on a measurement calculated by the algorithm. 0: Figure 4.4 [17] This technique is not good when interference is high this technique is simple in operation. Let us consider an example where User 1 is at the side-edge of the beam receiving low power which is entertained by this beam [6]. If there is a second user were at the direction of the null then there will be no interference but if the second user also moves into the direction where user 1 is located then there will be interference occur therefore the switched beam system is suitable where there is no interference [17] 4.2.2 ADAPTIVE ARRAY ANTENNAS Switched beam systems only give a limited performance improvement when compared to common antenna systems in wireless communication [3]. Greater improved performance can be achieved by using superior signal processing technique to practice the information achieved by the antenna arrays. The adaptive array system is Opposite to switched beam systems, they are smarter because they are able to react to the changing RF environment. They have a huge amount of radiation patterns as compared to fixed finite patterns in switched beam systems to adjust in the changing radio frequency environment [9]. An Adaptive array is just like a switched beam system which use number of antennas but they are controlled by signal processing [17]. This signal processing moves the radiation beam towards a desired user as he changes his direction and ii limit the interference happen from other users by launch nulls in their directions. This is shown in figure below [17]. http://i.cmpnet.com/embedded/gifs/2005/0503/0503feat1fig2.jpg 0: Figure 4.5 [17] 4.3 COMPARISON Here are the differences between switched bean array and adaptive beam array 4.3.1 SWITCHED BEAM SYSTEM It uses many preset directional beams with slim beam-widths. The necessary phase shifts be provide by normal preset phase shifting networks e.g. the butler matrix [11]. They do not need difficult algorithms, easy algorithms are used for selection of beam It need only reasonable relations between mobile and base station as compared to adaptive array system [15]. Because low technology is used it has minor price and complication. Mixing is easy and cheap into existing cellular system. It give important increase in coverage and capacity compare normal antenna based systems [6]. Since many slim beams are used, normal intra-cell hand-offs occur between beam when a mobile moves from one beam to another [15]. It does not make a distinction between direct signal and interfering signal this leading to undesired improvement of the interfering signal more than the desired signal [6]. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Switched beam systems offers limited co-channel interference control as compared to the adaptive array system. 4.3.2 ADAPTIVE ARRAY SYSTEM A whole adaptive system; moves the beam towards desired signal and put nulls toward interfering signal directions [17]. It is implemented on DSP technology [17]. To steer the beam and the nulls complicated adaptive algorithm is required [6]. Rejection capably of interference is much better then the switching beams system [15]. It is difficult to impose on existing systems, i.e. up gradation is hard and costly. Since nonstop moving of the beam is required as the user moves, high contact between the mobile and base station is required [17]. It provides improved coverage and improved capacity because of improved interference elimination as compare to the Switched beam. It can either decline multipath components or add them by correcting the delays to improve the signal quality[6]. 4.4 ANTENNAS SMARTNESS Smart antenna systems using these adaptive systems are quite smart in the true sense and that is why they are referred as smart antennas [17]. The smartness of these systems is due to the intelligent processor using digital processing techniques which are integrated in these systems. These signal processing techniques use complex algorithms which are our main concern in our project [11]. As modern world is using advanced technology in different fields, smart antenna also comes with such type of digital formation algorithms that operate the signals in accurate and flexible manner. On the way to the smart antenna, the signal is received, converted and modulated for transmission into digital signal and at the other end it is reconverted in analog information [5]. 4.4.1 BASIC MECHANISM There are a lot of function a smart antenna can perform on the bases of techniques used for desired scenario. Some of them major functions smart antenna can perform are listed below First: Smart antenna can locate the direction as well as the angle of arrival of all the incoming signals [16]. Whether they are interfering in the signal of our interest or they are same signals arriving at the antenna from different directions after reflection from different surfaces. Their direction is estimated by the processing techniques used in smart antennas. Secondly: The signal of our interest can separated from the cluster of all the incoming signals using smart antenna systems. Lastly a beam is moving in the direction of the wanted signal and the user is traced when he moves in the area and placing noting at interfering signal directions by continually updating the weights [17]. It is pretty obvious that the direction of radiation beam of the main lobe in an array depends upon the phase difference between the elements of the array. Thus it is possible to constantly move the main beam in any direction by adjusting the phase difference between the elements. The same concept is used in adaptive array systems in which the phase is tuned to attain highest radiation in the most wanted direction. 4.5 ADAPTIVE ALGORITHM CLASSIFICATIONS The adaptive algorithms can be classify into category base on different approach given below Continuous adaptation: The algorithms based on this technique fine-tune the weights as the arriving data is sampled and continue updating it in such a way that it converges to an finest solution. This approach is suit able when the signal information is varying with time. Examples: The Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm and the Recursive Least square (RLS) algorithm [17]. Block adaptation: The algorithms based on this technique calculate the weights depend on the approximation achieve from a temporary chunk of data [3]. This method can be used in a non-stationary situation provided the weights are calculated from time to time. Example: The Sample Matrix Inversion (SMI) algorithm [17]. Reference signal based algorithms: These types of algorithms worked on the principal of minimization of the mean square error between the received signal and the original signal. Hence it is necessary that an original signal is available which has high relationship with the desired signal [17]. Examples: The Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm, The Recursive Least square (RLS) algorithm [17]. Blind adaptive algorithms: These algorithms do not want any original signal information. They are generating the necessary ordinal signal from the received signal to get the desired signal. Examples: The Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA). CHAPTER 5ALGORITHMS It is obvious that themselves antennas or not much intelligent to perform such.It is the importance of antenna system which is such clever in aspect of advanced signal processing algorithms. In order to use the smart antenna to its full smart techniques superior and computationally smart algorithms must be used. There are number of algorithms which are optimized and specialized for different smart antenna system and for different scenarios. For this purpose here are the few algorithms we have studied till the day to get a brief idea about the smart antenna systems are given below. LMS (Least Mean Squares) RLS (Recursive Least Squares) CMA (Constant Modulus Algorithm) We will try to give a logical comparison on the performance of different Adaptive Algorithms for beam forming for our Smart Antenna. In this study we have exposed that these algorithms RLS and LMS are best for making beam forming like main lobe towards desired user but they have boundaries towards reject interference. In case of CMA has improved response towards beam forming and it gives improved results for interference rejection, but there is a problem the Bit Error Rate (BER) is greatest and high in case of single antenna element in CMA. It is confirmed that convergence rate of RLS is faster than LMS so RLS is proved the best choice for us. The effect of changing step size for LMS algorithm has also been studied. 5.1 CMA (CONSTANT MODULUS ALGORITHM) CMA is based on those methods which are old but many of them are modified or completely changed techniques. This is popular algorithm and we are using this algorithm for blind adaptive array processing for beam pattern. But there is a problem with this algorithm it has low convergence rate because it is a type of instant gradient searching method depend on performance surface. Later some enhanced algorithms such as orthogonal constant modulus (OCMA) and least square constant modulus algorithm (LSCMA) are proposed [4].OCMA use the Newton algorithm and LSCMA is a type of block-update interactive algorithm. Both use estimation of revision of covariance matrix. This means high calculation complexity and convergence rate is improved. But they will not converge when covariance matrix is positive and singular. Faster convergence rate, constant convergence steps, lower computational complexity and better numerical stability will be achieved with instant gradient searching and conjugate gradi ent algorithm [2]. Conclusion A constant modulus algorithm based on modified conjugate gradient for adaptive array processing. CMA algorithm has the similar performance as high convergence rate algorithm such as LSCMA; there is an advantage that they do not need to perform matrix inversion and its performance is improved then other type of conjugate gradient algorithms 5.2 LMS (Least Mean Squares) and RLS (Recursive Least Squares) An adaptive algorithm has a natural recursive formation even in the case of a limited impulse response modelization. As the error

Police Use of Force Essay -- Law Enforcement

In certain situations, the police may have to act quickly on their instincts. Sometimes, a situation is unpredictable and a decision needs to be made in a split second. The quick decision may to be to take a person down physically with the officer’s own hands, or to use deadly force, unfortunately. Anything can happen and the officer needs to be ready for every scenario. The different levels of force can be anywhere from just a police officer being present, to having to kill someone to prevent him or her from hurting anyone else. It’s a harsh reality, but sometimes the officer needs to make the decision to die or to protect him and do what he needs to do. There are several circumstances in which the police may have to ultimately use force. In a situation with a crazy violent offender who is trying to harm the officer would be a matter of using force to contain the offender to make sure he or she doesn’t hurt him/herself, or anyone else for that matter. Sometimes, a verbal command does the trick. But unfortunately, that isn’t always the case. For instance, if a violent offender was caught in the act of committing a robbery and the police told him to freeze and to drop the weapon; he is bound to get force used against him if he does not comply. If the offender who is committing the robbery lunges at the officer with a weapon or gun, the officer may have to use deadly force against the offender to protect his or her own life on duty. Every day, law enforcement officers face danger while carrying out their responsibilities. When dealing with a dangerous or unpredictable situation, police officers usually have very little time to assess it and determine the proper response (U.S. Department of Justice). So, if an officer decides ... ...l is to use unarmed physical force or force using non lethal weapons. Police often use their own discretion in order to find the best way to go about solving a difficult situation (The Associated Press). They have to make haste decisions of how to get an offender under control or apprehended. Works Cited Forced to Shoot. Dir. A&E. 2001. Hearst Communications Inc. The Use of Force: Defining Force. 2008. 17 November 2009 . Mangan, David. Police Brutality: The Use of Excessive Force. New York, May 2006. Ramsey, Josh. Defensive Devices. 2007. 15 November 2009 . The Associated Press. Study Examines Police Use Of Deadly Force. 2009. 14 November 2009 . U.S. Department of Justice. Use of Force. 30 April 2008. 15 November 2009 .